Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits
Open accessAbstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no screen time for children under the age of 2 and limited screen time for all children. However, no such guidelines have been proposed for preteens and teenagers. Further, research shows that children, preteens, and teenagers are using massive amounts of media and those with more screen time have been shown to have increased obesity, reduced physical activity, and decreased health. This study examined the impact of technology on four areas of ill-being-psychological issues, behavior problems, attention problems and physical health-among children (aged 4-8), preteens (9-12), and teenagers (13-18) by having 1030 parents complete an online, anonymous survey about their own and their child's behaviors. Measures included daily technology use, daily food consumption, daily exercise, and health. Hypothesis 1, which posited that unhealthy eating would predict impaired ill-being, was partially supported, particularly for children and preteens. Hypothesis 2, which posited that reduced physical activity would predict diminished health levels, was partially supported for preteens and supported for teenagers. Hypothesis 3, that increased daily technology use would predict ill-being after factoring out eating habits and physical activity, was supported. For children and preteens, total media consumption predicted illbeing while for preteens specific technology uses, including video gaming and electronic communication, predicted ill-being. For teenagers, nearly every type of technological activity predicted poor health. Practical implications were discussed in terms of setting limits and boundaries on technology use and encouraging healthy eating and physical activity at home and at school.
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Fourteen studies identified in this systematic scoping review measured both ST and GT.
“Fourteen studies identified in this systematic scoping review measured both ST and GT [234–238, 242–250].”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [246]
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de Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., Chagas, L. D. S., Raony, Í., Ferreira, E. S., Giestal‐de‐Araujo, E., dos Santos, A. A., & Oliveira-Silva, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Media Use Is Linked to Lower Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Datasets
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09630-7 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth
Maras, D., Flament, M. F., Murray, M., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., Obeid, N., & Goldfield, G. S. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.029 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
“While all studies statistically controlled for the confounding effects of socio-demographic factors, only two (Mathers et al., 2009; Rosen et al., 2014) accounted for BMI and physical activity.”
BackgroundOswald, T. K., Rumbold, A. R., Kedzior, S. G. E., & Moore, V. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237725 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419838244 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Do smartphone usage scales predict behavior?
Ellis, D. A., Davidson, B. I., Shaw, H., & Geyer, K. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.004 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“This repeats a pattern of research priorities that previously focused on the negative impacts of many other screen-based technologies, systematically moving from television and video games, to the internet and social media (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEirich, R., McArthur, B. A., Anhorn, C., McGuinness, C., Christakis, D. A., & Madigan, S. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0155 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Kickbusch, I., Piselli, D., Agrawal, A., Balicer, R. D., Banner, O., Adelhardt, M., Capobianco, E., Fabian, C., Gill, A. S., Lupton, D. A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01824-9 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“…the potential effects of digital technology use on the cognitive development and physical, mental, and behavioural health outcomes of both children and adolescents, 204,205 albeit with a greater focus on the negative effects and a scarce exploration of positive outcomes and opportunities.”
BackgroundKim, H.-J., Min, J.-Y., Min, K.-B., Lee, T.-J., & Yoo, S. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190896 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Li, J., Lepp, A., & Barkley, J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.021 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“, 2011), decreased mental health (Beranuy et al., 2009; Harwood et al., 2014; Jenaro et al., 2007; Lepp et al., 2014; Rosen et al., 2014), increased sedentary behavior, decreased car-”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure
Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Ellis, D. A. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Internet use and developmental tasks: Adolescents’ point of view
Borca, G., Bina, M., Keller, P. S., Gilbert, L. R., & Begotti, T. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.029 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“, 2008), loneliness and depression (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2003), ill-being (Rosen et al., 2014), cyberbullying and harassment (Raskauskas & Stolz, 2007; Fogel & Nehmad, 2009).”
Problematic internet use and mental health among British children and adolescents
El Asam, A., Samara, M., & Terry, P. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Longitudinal associations between changes in screen-time and mental health outcomes in adolescents
Babic, M. J., Smith, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Eather, N., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Lubans, D. R. (2017) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.04.001 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Nomophobia and lifestyle: Smartphone use and its relationship to psychopathologies
Gonçalves, S., Dias, P. C., & Correia, A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100025 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Virtual empathy: Positive and negative impacts of going online upon empathy in young adults
Carrier, L., Spradlin, A., Bunce, J. P., & Rosen, L. D. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.026 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“And, in a study of adolescents done in the United States, the hours spent using contemporary technology predicted negative health outcomes even after factoring out the time spent in physical activities, suggesting that the displacement of physical activities was not a key factor (Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpacts of technology use on children
Gottschalk, F. (2019) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/8296464e-en · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sociodemographic Correlates of Contemporary Screen Time Use among 9- and 10-Year-Old Children
Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., Chu, J., Baker, F. C., Pettee Gabriel, K., Garber, A. K., Murray, S. B., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.077 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Digital Life and Youth Well-being, Social Connectedness, Empathy, and Narcissism
James, C., Davis, K., Charmaraman, L., Konrath, S., Slovak, P., Weinstein, E., & Yarosh, L. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758f · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Association between Screen Time and Attention in Children: A Systematic Review
Santos, R. M. S., Mendes, C. G., de Miranda, D. M., & Romano‐Silva, M. A. (2022) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2022.2064863 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“For pre-adolescents (9 to 12 years old), the daily use of the total technology was not related to attention problems, being associated only foreseen when considering the use of video games and technological toys, separately (Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSøraa, R. A., Nyvoll, P. S., Tøndel, G., Fosch‐Villaronga, E., & Serrano, J. A. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120678 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Children’s Health in the Digital Age
Dresp, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093240 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“This search strategy yielded a total of 160 topically relevant references to original research articles and review articles retrieved via Pubmed from the MEDLINE database [2-24,29-31,33-67,70-74,79169,171-175].”
BackgroundMoitra, P., & Madan, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264951 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Research has shown a direct relationship between television viewing and unhealthy eating behaviors [6,11,12], increased screen time to displace the time that can be used for engaging in PA [4,17,41], and excess usage of digital devices to suppress melatonin secretion, delay sleepiness, and increase sleep disturbances…”
BackgroundBadri, M. A., Nuaimi, A. A., Guang, Y., & Rashedi, A. A. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.06.006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
‘Homeschooling’ and the COVID-19 Crisis: The Insights of Parents on Curriculum and Remote Learning
Fontenelle-Tereshchuk, D. (2021) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-021-09420-w · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Australia in 2030: what is our path to health for all?
Backholer, K., Baum, F. E., Finlay, S. M., Friel, S., Giles‐Corti, B., Jones, A., Patrick, R., Shill, J., Townsend, B., Armstrong, F., et al. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Clustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young adolescents
Pearson, N., Griffiths, P. L., Biddle, S., Johnston, J., McGeorge, S., & Haycraft, E. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4441-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Boniel-Nissim, M., Tabak, I., Mazur, J., Borraccino, A., Brooks, F., Gommans, R., van der Sluijs, W., Zsiros, E., Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-014-0636-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The amount of electronic media communication (EMC; e-mail, chat, texting and phone use) also was significantly related to more psychological, physical and attentional problems in US adolescents (Rosen et al. 2014).”
InfluentialVandendriessche, A., Ghekiere, A., Cauwenberg, J. V., Clercq, B. D., Dhondt, K., DeSmet, A., Tynjälä, J., Verloigne, M., & Deforche, B. I. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16061072 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Although the direct association has been suggested by earlier research [43], this indirect mechanism was not yet demonstrated, which is an important contribution to the literature.”
Mendes, M., Darling, A., Hart, K., Morse, S., Murphy, R. J., & Lanham-New, S. (2019) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.012 · Cited by 62
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Li, J. (2016) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2016.1160807 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Additionally, a growing number of studies identify a positive relationship between cell phone use and anxiety, depression, and similar measures of distress (Beranuy, Oberst, Carbonell, & Chamarro, 2009; Harwood, Dooley, Scott, & Joiner, 2014; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWerling, A. M., Walitza, S., & Drechsler, R. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02332-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The most consistent associations between ADHD symptoms and PUI have been found with impulsivity, and less with inattention and hyperactivity (El Asam et al. 2019; Kaess et al. 2014; Rosen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultHunter, J. F., Hooker, E. D., Rohleder, N., & Pressman, S. D. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000568 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Most research has concentrated on the negative ramifications of technological engagement such as poorer psychological (1,2) and physical health (3,4) and worse health behaviors (5,6).”
BackgroundClustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young children
Pearson, N., Biddle, S., Griffiths, P., Johnston, J. P., & Haycraft, E. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5698-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fosch-Villaronga, E., van der Hof, S., Lutz, C., & Tamò-Larrieux, A. (2023) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01295-w · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Rosen et al. (2014) concluded that technology use might have harmful effects on children and adolescents, and healthier food and more exercise might not be enough to improve their wellbeing.”
BackgroundInfluentialDuvenage, M., Correia, H., Uink, B. N., Barber, B. L., Donovan, C. L., & Modecki, K. L. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.024 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kneidinger-Müller, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.037 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Screen and nonscreen sedentary behavior and sleep in adolescents
Brunetti, V. C., O'Loughlin, E. K., O'Loughlin, J., Constantin, E., & Pigeon, É. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.09.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Unlocking the smart home: exploring key factors affecting the smart lock adoption intention
Mamonov, S., & Benbunan‐Fich, R. (2020) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-07-2019-0357 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ssewanyana, D., Abubakar, A., van Baar, A., Mwangala, P. N., & Newton, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Şenol, Y., Şenol, F. B., & Yaşar, M. C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04323-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Easy access to digital games causes an increase in the time spent in front of the screen, a decrease in the opportunities for face-to-face communication with peers, and an increase in stand-alone games (Rosen et al., 2014).”
Editorial: Educational technology and addictions
Melo, C., Madariaga, L., Nussbaum, M., Heller, R. S., Bennett, S., Tsai, C., & van Braak, J. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103730 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Screen time and adiposity among children and adolescents: a systematic review
Tripathi, M., & Mishra, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-019-01043-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Subsequently, it was found that screen time increases to 7.5 h per day along with more media multitasking by the time children approach adolescence (Rosen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialBody Worn Sensors for Health Gaming and e-Learning in Virtual Reality
Afsar, M. M., Saqib, S., Ghadi, Y., Alsuhibany, S. A., Jalal, A., & Park, J. (2022) · Computers, Materials & Continua · doi:10.32604/cmc.2022.028618 · Cited by 49
Problematic Internet Use in Lonely Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Detachment from Parents.
Musetti, A., Corsano, P., Boursier, V., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/clinicalnpsych20200101 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“, 2008), lack of wellbeing (Rosen et al., 2014), and so on.”
BackgroundLiu, W., Tan, L., Dan, H., Chen, N., & Liu, F. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1818999 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effect of Brief Biofeedback via a Smartphone App on Stress Recovery: Randomized Experimental Study
Hunter, J. F., Olah, M. S., Williams, A. L., Parks, A. C., & Pressman, S. D. (2019) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/15974 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although smartphones are often criticized for contributing to ill-being [1-4], these devices hold great potential for improving one’s well-being if utilized properly in specific contexts.”
BackgroundXiao-xia, G., Hassan, N. C., & Sulaiman, T. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030221 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Second, with the changing times, electronic devices, such as mobile phones, have gradually become an important factor affecting adolescents’ academic performance, and overuse and internet addiction cause a decline in academic achievement [69–71].”
Upshaw, J. D., Stevens, C. E., Ganis, G., & Zabelina, D. L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277220 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“For example, frequent social media use was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of developing severe anxiety [10], behavior and attention problems [11], and increasing the risk of suicide-related outcomes [12].”
Badri, M. A., Alnuaimi, A., Rashedi, A. A., Yang, G., & Temsah, K. (2016) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-016-9557-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In addition, research points out that the use of social media among children has increased extensively (Rosen et al. 2014; Willett 2015).”
BackgroundThe neuroscience and context of adolescent depression
Henje, E., Ho, T. C., Connolly, C. G., LeWinn, K. Z., Sacchet, M. D., Tymofiyeva, O., Weng, H. Y., & Yang, T. T. (2015) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13299 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The use of technology seems to have a negative effect on adolescent mental health that is independent of sedentariness, lack of sleep or poor eating habits (58).”
BackgroundIn-person and virtual social interactions improve well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Liang, N., Grayson, S., Kussman, M. A., Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100455 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…digital modes of interaction can also intensify depression and anxiety and diminish well-being, especially when they displace face-to-face interaction (Booker et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2017; Rosen et al., 2014; Shakya & Christakis, 2017; Twenge, 2019; Twenge & Campbell, 2018; Twenge et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCOMPLEMENTARY HYPOTHESES ON CONTRIBUTORS TO THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC
Davis, R. A. H., Plaisance, E., & Allison, D. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22071 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Oh, Dignity too?” Said the Robot: Human Dignity as the Basis for the Governance of Robotics
Zardiashvili, L., & Fosch‐Villaronga, E. (2020) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-019-09514-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Impact of digital addiction on youth health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shiferaw, B. D., Tang, J., Wang, Y.-X., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, Y.-H., Mackay, L., Luo, Y.-J., Yan, N., Shen, X.-Y., Zhou, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00081 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…Weinstein, 2017; Twenge et al., 2018) and found that excessive digital media use, including social media platforms, was associated with decreased cognitive abilities, such as decreased attention span, reduced memory function, and lower academic performance (Rosen et al., 2014; Twenge et al., 2018).”
Naser, A., Alwafi, H. H., Itani, R., Alzayani, S., Qadus, S., Al-Rousan, R. M., Abdelwahab, G. M., Dahmash, E., Al-Qatawneh, A., Khojah, H. M. J., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05049-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dalpati, N., Jena, S., Jain, S., & Sarangi, P. P. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100420 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Additionally, virtual meetings and reduced social connections during COVID-19 lockdown, lowering students' wellbeing (Pandya et al., 2021; Rosen et al., 2014; Twenge et al., 2018).”
Cellphone addiction explains how cellphones impair learning for lecture materials
Lee, S., McDonough, I. M., Mendoza, J. S., Brasfield, M. B., Enam, T., Reynolds, C., & Pody, B. C. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3745 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, M., & Yun, H. (2021) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-021-09718-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…and empirical evidence for the factors affecting adolescent smartphone use, mainstream research has tended to focus on the negative effects of smartphone addiction, or “cyber-loafing,” without considering the multifaceted aspects of the smartphone usage patterns (Kim, 2013; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDigital Technologies and their Impact on the Social and Psychological Characteristics of Adolecsents
Kamenskaya, V., & Tomanov, L. (2022) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.17759/exppsy.2022150109 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lifestyle habits among Najran University students, Najran, Saudi Arabia
Al-Qahtani, A. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.938062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Çalhan, C., & Göksu, İ. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12544-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Impact of Technology Use on Behavior and Sleep Scores in Preschool Children in Saudi Arabia
Almuaigel, D., Alanazi, A., AlMuaigel, M., Alshamrani, F., Al-sheikh, M., Almuhana, N., Zeeshan, M., Alshurem, M., Alshammari, A. K., & Mansi, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649095 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alwhaibi, R. M., & Aldugahishem, H. M. (2018) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1433241 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“showed that offering suitable, accessible facilities within the community enhanced participation in physical activities for children with disabilities [89].”
BackgroundMcGloin, R., & Embacher, K. A. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1311269 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This implication is particularly meaningful, as frequent video game play has typically been associated with a more sedentary lifestyle (Lakdawalla, & Philipson, 2002; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMessages about appearance, food, weight and exercise in “tween” television
Simpson, C. C., Kwitowski, M. A., Boutté, R. L., Gow, R. W., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.08.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sarfraz, S., Shlaghya, G., Narayana, S. H., Mushtaq, U., Ameen, B. S., Nie, C., Nechi, D., Mazhar, I. J., Yasir, M., & Franchini, A. P. A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42292 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“According to an article, most American children exceed the limits of screen-time use, spending anywhere between five to seven hours a day [6].”
BackgroundSmartphones and Varsity Athletes: A Complicated Relationship
DesClouds, P., & Durand-Bush, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.560031 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Open-source smartphone app and tools for measuring, quantifying, and visualizing technology use
Geyer, K., Ellis, D. A., Shaw, H., & Davidson, B. I. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01585-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This repeats a pattern of research priorities, which previously focused on the negative impacts of many other screen-based technologies, systematically moving from television and video games, to the Internet, and social media (Davidson et al., 2019; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKatapally, T., Thorisdottir, A. S., Laxer, R. E., Qian, W., & Leatherdale, S. (2018) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.38.10.03 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jiang, S.-H. (2017) · Journal of cancer survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-017-0595-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“effects on factors directly contributing to the outcome of interests [27, 28].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Media Use on Sleep in Adolescents
Burke, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2016.06.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thorne, H. T., Smith, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Babic, M., & Lubans, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Beynon, A. M., Hendry, D., Rasmussen, C. L., Rohl, A. L., Eynon, R., Thomas, G., Stearne, S. M., Campbell, A., Harris, C. J., Zabatiero, J. G., et al. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11070754 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, there is also some evidence to support negative, harmful impacts such as for physical, emotional and cognitive well-being and overall development [6,8–11].”
BackgroundVillamil, A., & King, S. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“70 These safeguards could include control over the types of users with which individuals can interact, including similar age cohorts.”
BackgroundLee, J., & Kwon, K. H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151713247 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Semar, R., & Bakshi, N. (2022) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342221144877 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Young children’s agency with digital technologies
Nolan, A., Edwards, S., Salamon, A., Straker, L. M., Grieshaber, S., Skouteris, H., Henderson, M., Highfield, K., & Bartlett, J. (2021) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12512 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Farbo, D. J., Maler, L. C., & Rhea, D. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238919 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“7 million children between the ages of 6–19 being overweight or obese in the United States today [4,5].”
BackgroundScreening for Problematic Internet Use
D’Angelo, J. D., & Moreno, M. A. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2056f · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Researchers have identified a rising number of consequences associated with increased Internet use among adolescents, including, but not limited to, psychological issues, behavior problems, attention problems, and physical problems.(4) Given that Internet use begins increasingly earlier in adolescence and even during…”
BackgroundMiežienė, B., Emeljanovas, A., Novak, D., & Kawachi, I. I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061332 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Adolescents consume a lot of sweets, baked products, fast food, and sugary drinks [1].”
BackgroundMarcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Nicholson, J. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1304801 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Clinicians, academics, and legislators have all expressed apprehension regarding the negative impact that technology has had on social skill development (Bonetti, Campbell, and Gilmore 2010; Pierce 2009), physical health (Arora et al. 2013; Rosen et al. 2014), and sexual development (Hua 2012).”
BackgroundMarino, C., Vieno, A., Lenzi, M., Borraccino, A., Lazzeri, G., & Lemma, P. (2016) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.17795/intjsh-32921 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The lack of sleep might interfere with cognitive functions, making it more difficult to concentrate and focus on daily tasks, leading to tiredness, anxiety, and even depression (2).”
BackgroundMonteiro, R., Rocha, N., & Fernandes, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590279 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Suraya, R., Nababan, A., Siagian, A., & Lubis, Z. (2021) · doi:10.33085/jdg.v3i2.4732 · Cited by 18
“Penelitian lain juga mengungkapkan aktivitas fisik yang sering dilakukan remaja saat berada di sekolah hanya duduk-duduk dan sesekali bercerita dengan teman-temannya serta selalu bermain smartphone yang seterusnya berlanjut sampai pulang ke rumah (18).”
BackgroundParental insights from three elite-level youth sports: implications for family life
Mirehie, M., Gibson, H. J., Kang, S., & Bell, H. (2018) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2018.1550437 · Cited by 18
“Certainly, there is growing concern over the use of electronic games, cell phones, and the Internet among youth (Rosen et al., 2014), but how this is balanced in what for these youngsters is an already busy sport schedule, along with the demands of school would be a valuable research focus.”
BackgroundAdolescents' Gadget Addiction and Family Functioning
Chasanah, A. M., & Kilis, G. (2018) · doi:10.2991/uipsur-17.2018.52 · Cited by 18
“Regarding health, Rosen et al. (2014) found that the use of technology such as gadgets can predict decreased physical activity, poor diet, and increased likelihood of obesity in adolescents.”
BackgroundJie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Saunders, T. R. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2258409 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This result extends the existing understanding of the negative impact of increased time spent on social media, watching television, or playing video games on well-being of children and teens 92–94 to undergraduate college attending young adults.”
Problematic Digital Technology Use Measures in Children Aged 0 to 6 Years: Scoping Review
Selak, Š., Horvat, J., & Žmavc, M. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/59869 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Iyer, P., Ganson, K., Chu, J., & Conroy, A. A. (2021) · Academic pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The well-being of gamers, video game players, and non-players
Kort-Butler, L. A. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1910774 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sedentary Habits and Their Detrimental Impact on Global Health: A Viewpoint
Singh, C., Bandre, G. R., Gajbe, U., Shrivastava, S. R., Tiwade, Y. R., Bankar, N. J., & Moizuddin, K. (2024) · National Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.55489/njcm.150220243590 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“27,68 While using a phone, improper posture might increase your chance of developing developmental issues, musculoskeletal issues, obesity, inactivity, and poor sleep.”
BackgroundPredictive Roles of Psychological Resilience and Coping Skills on Social Media Addiction
Kocabıyık, O. O., & Bacioğlu, S. D. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar · doi:10.18863/pgy.1137812 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Is the digitalization of play technological mutation or digital evolution?
Güneş, G. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1787402 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…in that children spent two hours per day on weekends playing video games on the screen, which not only causes a serious problem for physical health (Rosen et al., 2014), but also has impacts on social-emotional behaviour (Hu et al., 2020; Mistry et al., 2007), cognitive development (Kumari &…”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Rosen, L. D., Lim, A. F., Felt, J., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Lara-Ruiz, J. M., Mendoza, J. S., & Rokkum, J.
- Affiliations
- California State University, Dominguez Hills (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosen, L.D.
- ORCID
- Carrier, L.M.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 364-375
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4338000
- OpenAlex
- W2143780983
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 84.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (GM008683)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- screen time, media use, technology use, preadolescents, adolescents, mental illness, behavioral problems, attention deficits, physical health, dietary habits, physical activity, video gaming, digital communication, screen time guidelines, parent survey
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