Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression and Suicidality

Spirito, Anthony; Esposito-Smythers, Christianne; Wolff, Jennifer; Uhl, Kristen

doi:10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.012

Cited by 140Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression and Suicidality

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Spirito, Anthony, Esposito-Smythers, Christianne, Wolff, Jennifer, Uhl, Kristen·2011·Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

DOI 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.012PMC PMC3073681

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Abstract

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment of depression in children and adolescents but treatment trials for adolescents with suicidality are few in number, and their efficacy to date is limited. This article reviews the rationale underlying the use of CBT for the treatment of depression and suicidality in adolescents, the literature supporting the efficacy of CBT for depressed adolescents, and whether CBT for depression reduces suicidal thoughts and behavior. A description of some of the core cognitive, affective, and behavioral techniques used in CBT treatments of suicidal ideation and behavior in depressed adolescents is included.

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CBT as an intervention for suicidality has some evidence for efficacy from randomized controlled trials.
“The use of CBT as an intervention for suicidality has been tested in a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with some evidence for its efficacy [6-8].”
From Efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm: Systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [8]

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Family Communication Patterns, Self-Esteem, and Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Direct Personalization of Conflict
Curran, T. M., & Allen, J. A. (2016) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934215.2016.1225224 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Application of machine learning to structural connectome to predict symptom reduction in depressed adolescents with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Tymofiyeva, O., Yuan, J. P., Huang, C., Connolly, C. G., Blom, E. H., Xu, D., & Yang, T. T. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101914 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“most empirically-supported treatments for adolescent MDD (Spirito et al., 2011).”
Effect of 2 Psychotherapies on Depression and Disease Activity in Pediatric Crohnʼs Disease
Szigethy, E., Youk, A. O., Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., Bujoreanu, S. I., Weisz, J., Fairclough, D., Ducharme, P., Jones, N., Lotrich, F., Keljo, D., et al. (2015) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000358 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mortality and Cause of Death Among Youths Previously Incarcerated in the Juvenile Legal System
Ruch, D. A., Steelesmith, D. L., Brock, G., Boch, S. J., Quinn, C. R., Bridge, J. A., Campo, J. V., & Fontanella, C. A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40352 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Psychotherapy of Mood Disorders
Picardi, A., & Gaetano, P. (2014) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901410010140 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The treatment of suicidality in adolescents by psychosocial interventions for depression: A systematic literature review
Devenish, B. D., Berk, L., & Lewis, A. J. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415627374 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This review provides partial support for the review by Spirito et al. (2011) which found CBT depressive interventions have equivalent efficacy for suicidality when compared to other treatments.”
Negative moods correlate with craving in female methamphetamine users enrolled in compulsory detoxification
Shen, W., Liu, Y., Li, L., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, W. (2012) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-7-44 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Proper psychosocial therapy can not only lower the degree of craving and drug use [33,34], but also help to prevent relapse and exacerbation of psychiatric diseases [35,36].”
Background
Health Services Use by Children in the Welfare System Who Died by Suicide
Ruch, D. A., Steelesmith, D. L., Warner, L. A., Bridge, J. A., Campo, J. V., & Fontanella, C. A. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-011585 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Family-Based Crisis Intervention in the Emergency Department: A New Model of Care
Ginnis, K. B., White, E. M., Ross, A. M., & Wharff, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9823-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“There is a strong body of literature that supports their use in decreasing depressive symptoms (Klein et al. 2007; Spirito et al. 2011).”
Background
Social Support and Perinatal Depression: The Perspectives of Mexican-American Adolescent Mothers
Recto, P., & Champion, J. D. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1731027 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two online interventions for children and adolescents at risk for depression (E.motion trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial within the ProHEAD consortium
Baldofski, S., Kohls, E., Bauer, S., Becker, K., Bilić, S., Eschenbeck, H., Kaess, M., Moessner, M., Salize, H. J., Diestelkamp, S., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3156-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Unfolding the notes from the walls: Adolescents’ depression manifestations on Facebook
Ophir, Y., Asterhan, C. S. C., & Schwarz, B. B. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Three Psychotherapies for Suicidal Adolescents: Overview of Conceptual Frameworks and Intervention Techniques
Singer, J. B., O’Brien, K. H. M., & LeCloux, M. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0453-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Overall goal of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Major Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidality
Serafini, G., Costanza, A., Aguglia, A., Amerio, A., Placenti, V., Magnani, L., Escelsior, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.05.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Emotional changes following discrimination induction in gender- and sexuality-diverse adolescents.
Smith, D. M. Y., Fox, K. R., Carter, M. L., Thoma, B. C., & Hooley, J. M. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000862 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adolescent athletes and suicide: A model for treatment and prevention
Edmonds, W. A., Craig, L. L., Christopher, R., Kennedy, T. D., & Mann, D. T. Y. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101580 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Association between food insecurity and depressive symptoms among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 22 low- and middle-income countries
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Oh, H. Y., Rahmati, M., Tully, M. A., Yon, D. K., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Ball, G., Shin, J. I., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effectiveness of School-based Health Center Delivery of a Cognitive Skills Building Intervention in Young, Rural Adolescents: Potential Applications for Addiction and Mood
Carr, K. L., & Stewart, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.04.013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Improving the evidence base for services working with youth at-risk of involvement in the criminal justice system: developing a standardised program approach
Knight, A., Maple, M. J., Shakeshaft, A. P., Shakehsaft, B., & Pearce, T. (2018) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-018-0066-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…team identity Many activities within this component draw on elements of motivational interviewing (Naar-King 2011), cognitivebehavioural therapy (Spirito et al. 2011), choice theory (participants can choose activities, for example, and not be concerned about being excluded from the program)…”
Background
Using High-Risk Adolescents′ Voices to Develop a Comprehensible Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Text-Message Program
Thorsen, M. M., Patena, J. V., Guthrie, K. M., Spirito, A., & Ranney, M. L. (2018) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1223597 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Public Health Perspectives on Depressive Disorders
Cohen, N. L. (2017) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.52762 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Relational Agent Intervention for Adolescents Seeking Mental Health Treatment: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Chiauzzi, E. J., Robinson, A. H., Martin, K., Petersen, C., Wells, N. K., Williams, A. A. A., & Gleason, M. M. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44940 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Decades of research and treatment guidelines suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for adolescents with depression and/or anxiety [11,12].”
Distinct trajectories of suicidal behaviors throughout the university stage and associated risk and protective factors: A large-scale prospective study
Shi, X., Jiang, L., Chen, X., & Ya, Z. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.107 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A comparative study of mode deactivation therapy (MDT) as an effective treatment of adolescents with suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors.
Swart, J., & Apsche, J. A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0101640 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Applying the collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS) to suicidal adolescents.
O’Connor, S. S., Brausch, A. M., Ridge-Anderson, A., & Jobes, D. A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0101641 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Advances in Research on Adolescent Suicide and a High Priority Agenda for Future Research
Clayton, M. G., Pollak, O. H., Owens, S., Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12614 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Advances in the prevalence and treatment of depression for adolescents: a review
Yin, C., Xu, M., & Zong, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1574574 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
From efficacy to pragmatic trials: does the dodo bird verdict apply?
Asarnow, J. R., & Ougrin, D. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30404-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Outcomes of a Brief Cognitive Skills-Based Intervention (COPE) for Adolescents in the Primary Care Setting
Erlich, K. J., Li, J., Dillon, E. C., Li, M., & Becker, D. F. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.12.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Examining cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for unaccompanied minors: a systematic review and qualitative research synthesis.
Morroni, D., Konstantinou, P., Gkleka, C., Kassianos, A. P., & Karekla, M. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02500-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pediatric suicide: Review of a preventable tragedy
Greydanus, D. E., Nazeer, A., Qayyum, Z., Patel, D. R., Rausch, R., Hoang, L.-N., Miller, C., Chahin, S. S., Apple, R. W., Saha, G. K., et al. (2024) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101725 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Identifying and optimizing psychosocial frailty in surgical practice
Schultz, K. S., Richburg, C. E., Park, E. Y., & Leeds, I. L. (2024) · Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.scrs.2024.101061 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long‐Term Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Managing Subclinical Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Chan, R. C.-F., Chen, M., Chan, J. L. M., Shum, D., & Cao, Y. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1610909 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Despite its limited ef ﬁ cacy in the current ﬁ ndings, g-CBT may offer unique bene ﬁ ts through peer support and increased adherence if implemented carefully [69].”
Orientación al suicidio en adolescentes en una zona de Medellín, Colombia
Suárez, R. E. P., P, C. M. G., & Ramírez, S. M. R. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mind the Gap: Implementing Empirically Informed Psychosocial Treatment in Inpatient Psychiatric Settings
Wolff, J. C., Frazier, E. A., Thompson, A. D., Weatherall, S. L., O’Brien, K. H. M., & Hunt, J. (2019) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2019.1685418 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Acute psychiatric care for pediatric patients
Reynolds, E. K., Gorelik, S., Kook, M., & Kellermeyer, K. (2019) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1681381 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does threat knowledge influence protective behaviors of students in the context of cyber security in remote learning amid COVID-19 crisis
Rotas, E. (2021) · Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology · doi:10.33902/jpsp.2021167595 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Education and Depression
Kitts, R. L., & Goldman, S. J. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.01.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Socio-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicidal Behavior With a Puerto Rican Male Adolescent
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Gomez, J., Jiménez‐Colon, G., & Spirito, A. (2018) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2018.1432300 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implementing depression care in under-resourced communities: a school-based family resilience skill-building pilot randomized controlled trial in the United States
Marlotte, L., Klomhaus, A. M., Ijadi‐Maghsoodi, R., Aralis, H. J., Lester, P. E., Esperon, K. G., & Kataoka, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1233901 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Using Virtual Reality to Reduce Stress in Adolescents: Mixed Methods Usability Study
Björling, E. A., Sonney, J., Zade, H., Rodriguez, S., Pullmann, M. D., & Moon, S. H. (2024) · JMIR XR and spatial computing. · doi:10.2196/49171 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Practice experiences for school reintegration: Endorsement for virtual reality with adolescents hospitalized for suicide-related crises.
Marraccini, M. E., Anonick, R., Delgaty, L. E., Middleton, T. J., Toole, E. N., Ying, J., & Hubal, R. C. (2024) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000874 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The challenge of a late diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: co-occurring trajectories and camouflage tendencies. a case report of a young Autistic female with Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Passarini, S., Guerrera, S., Picilli, M., Fucà, E., Casula, L., Menghini, D., Pirchio, S., Zanna, V., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1447562 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychosocial interventions for suicidal and self-injurious-related behaviors among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese practices
Lu, J., Gao, W., Wang, Z., Yang, N., Pang, W. I. P., Lok, K.-I., & Rao, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1281696 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutische Interventionen bei suizidalen Jugendlichen
Kapusta, N. D., Fegert, J. M., Häring, C., & Plener, P. L. (2013) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-013-1027-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modern Psychological Models Of Suicidal Behavior In Adolescents
Сыроквашина, К. В. (2017) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2017250304 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Primary prevention of suicide and suicidal behaviour for adolescents in school settings
Macleod, E., Nada‐Raja, S., Beautrais, A. L., Shave, R., & Jordan, V. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007322.pub2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Retracted
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality
Chin, J. (2016) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Individual and organizational factors as predictors of early evidence-based practice adoption in Michigan high schools: Baseline data from an implementation trial
Choi, S. Y., Rusch, A., Lane, A., Liebrecht, C., Bilek, E. L., Eisenberg, D., Andrews, C. M., Perry, M., & Smith, S. N. (2023) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895231159429 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…EBP with well-established evidence showing positive effects on youth with anxiety and depression (Haugland et al., 2020; Higa-McMillan et al., 2016; Spirito et al., 2011), across racial groups (Ginsburg & Drake, 2002; Rosselló & Bernal, 1999) and through modular or components-based programs…”
Background
Characteristics and precipitating circumstances of suicide among youth involved with the U.S. child welfare system
Ruch, D. A., Munir, A., Steelesmith, D. L., Bridge, J. A., & Fontanella, C. A. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106749 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KENDALL’S COPING CAT THERAPY ON REDUCING ANXIETY AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
Nejad, S. B., Zahra, N., & Davoudi, I. (2011) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moderators and Predictors of Response After 36 Weeks of Treatment in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)
O’Dor, S. L., Washburn, J. J., Howard, K. R., & Reinecke, M. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00828-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a psychotherapy which focuses on identifying, challenging, and changing distorted thinking patterns and developing more adaptive cognitions (Reinecke & Shirk, 2005), is one of the most commonly studied and effective psychotherapies for the treatment of adolescent depression (Spirito…”
Background
Orientación al suicidio en adolescentes en una zona de Medellín, Colombia
Suárez, R. E. P., P, C. M. G., & Ramírez, S. M. R. (2014) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública · doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.18138 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Primary care management of depression in children and adolescents
Haefner, J. (2016) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000483046.97563.4c · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Perceived Social Status and Suicidal Ideation in Maltreated Children and Adolescents
Dickerson, K. L., Milojevich, H. M., & Quas, J. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00852-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Standardized Treatment and Shortened Depression Course can Reduce Cognitive Impairment in Adolescents With Depression
Cao, P.-H., Tan, J.-J., Liao, X., Wang, J., Chen, L., Fang, Z.-Y., & Pan, N.-N. (2024) · Soa--ch'ongsonyon chongsin uihak = Journal of child & adolescent psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.230052 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Many relevant studies have also indicated that various interventions such as drug therapy [21], physical therapy [22,23], and behavioral therapy [24] have positive effects in alleviating depressive symptoms and reducing the degree of cognitive impairment in adolescents with depression.”
Background
Pregnancy loss and suicidal behavior: Investigating the mediating role of depressive mood
Walker, D., Knight, D., Reysen, R., & Norris, K. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.081 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Concurrent and Prospective Associations between Metacognition and Depression in Adolescents
Russell, J. K., & Seeley, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychological Abnormalities · doi:10.4172/2329-9525.s1-001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“, there are indications that the effectiveness traditional CBT may have diminished over time [7].”
Background
An intensive outpatient program for suicidal college students
Salk, R. H., Moses‐Kolko, E. L., Chugani, C. D., Mastruserio, S., Wentroble, E., Blackburn, V., Poling, K. D., Sakolsky, D. J., Brent, D. A., & Goldstein, T. R. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1879814 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sınav Kaygısına Sahip Bir Ergenle Çalışma: Kısa Süreli Bilişsel Davranışçı Müdahale
AKKAYA, M., & Zorbaz, S. D. (2023) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1291925 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Role of Cognitive Factors and Distortions in Adolescent Suicides
Öncü, B., & Sakarya, A. (2013) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20130515 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[32,33] Bilişsel çarpıtmalar, uyuma yönelik sorun çözme becerilerindeki yetersizlik ve stres durumlarında duygusal aşırı uyarılma sonucu ergenler stresle başetmek için uygunsuz davranışlara yönelebilirler.”
Inpatient Psychiatry Patient Reported Outcomes: Adolescent Emotional Distress, Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Ibeziako, P. I., Kaufman, K., Caracansi, A., Anglero-Diaz, Y., Anglemyer, E., Paden, S., Zou, B., Campbell, E., & Waitz, C. (2025) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20240127 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Specific psychotherapeutic interventions targeting depressive disorders and STBs include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, which are effective for adolescents at risk of suicide (25, 26).”
The mediator role of negative and positive automatic thoughts between attachment quality towards significant others and adolescents’ internalizing problems
Florean, I. S., Dobrean, A., Roman, G. D., Poetar, C.-R., Vîlceanu, C., & Predescu, E. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107867 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Association of Complementary Health Approaches With Mood and Coping Strategies Among Orthopedic Patients
O’Connor, C., Braun, Y., Nota, S. P. F. T., Baloda, T., & Ring, D. (2016) · HAND · doi:10.1177/1558944715620798 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“CHA may be filling a gap that might also be addressed by mind-body treatments such as CBT that have been proven to alter the disease course in a diverse patient population.(3,6,13) Our data showed that patients were 2.”
Background
Суицидальное поведение у детей и подростков коренных народов Сибири: когнитивные факторы риска (часть I)
Борисовна, С. Н. (2019) · Суицидология · doi:10.32878/suiciderus.19-10-02(35)-3-11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Effective Are School Professionals at Identifying Students Who Might Benefit From Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? Baseline Data From the Adaptive School-Based Implementation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Trial
Choi, S. Y., Rusch, A., Koschmann, E., Bilek, E. L., Lane, A., Abelson, J. L., Eisenberg, D., Himle, J. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., Liebrecht, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.814157 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effectiveness of mobile-based cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescent depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sathe, A., Nainani, A., Elaraby, A., Jones, A. L., & Lowe, M. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261439533 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based intervention for treating adolescent depression, demonstrating significant improvements in mood, functioning and overall quality of life (David-Ferdon and Kaslow, 2008; Spirito et al., 2011).”
A Quality Improvement Initiative to Decrease Behavioral Health Unit Readmission Rates.
Winner, K., Sandberg, K., Saia, B., Calabrò, M., & Blankenship, K. (2025) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064917 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
[CHALLENGES IN THE INTERVENTION OF PUERTO RICAN ADOLESCENTS THAT SHOW SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR].
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Dávila, P. T., & Hernández, S. L. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Concurrent and Prospective Associations between Metacognition and Depression in Adolescents
Russell, J. K., & Seeley, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychological Abnormalities · doi:10.4172/2471-9900.s1-001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Building Resilience in At-Risk Adolescents: Comparing the mechanisms and outcomes of two school-based prevention programmes
Notter, O. (2013) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17005888 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recognising and challenging faulty thinking patterns has the potential to impact on many dimensions related to depression – on belief in the self, somatic symptoms and social problems and enable the teenagers to better deal with individual stress and life events (Spirito et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
La psychothérapie cognitive de l’adolescent dépressif et suicidaire
Labelle, R. J., Bedwani, C. N., & Janelle, A. (2011) · Perspectives Psy · doi:10.1051/ppsy/2011503220 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitions or metacognitions?: the role of automatic thoughts and metacognitive beliefs about rumination in explaining depressive symptoms
Altun, F., & Nezor, E. O. (2025) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2025.2480285 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy (Bevan et al., 2013; Farahmand et al., 2014; Shareh et al., 2010) and cognitive behavioural therapy (Butler et al., 2006; Fava et al., 1998; Rupke et al., 2006; Spirito et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2005; Yıldız & Aslan, 2017) in the treatment of depression.”
Preventing depression in Chinese children and adolescents: A pilot study of a brief school-based cognitive behavioral group program
He, Q., Li, J., Wang, J., & Qu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120559 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Clinicians’ Experiences with a Family-Centered Crisis Intervention in a Youth Crisis Stabilization Unit
Kim, S., Berg, A. N. A., Walker, D. M., Teuschler, L., Sinclair, A., & Hughes, J. L. (2026) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2026.2673505

Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Decreasing Suicidal\nIdeation and Hopelessness of the Adolescents with Previous Suicidal\nAttempts
Alavi, A., Sharifi, B., Ghanizadeh, A. J., & Dehbozorgi, G. (2014) · Bioline International (Bioline International)
Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in decreasing suicidal ideation and hopelessness of the adolescents with previous suicidal attempts.
Alavi, A., Sharifi, B., Ghanizadeh, A. J., & Dehbozorgi, G. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Family‐focused cognitive behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents in suicidal crisis with co‐occurring risk factors: A randomized trial
Esposito‐Smythers, C., Wolff, J. C., Liu, R. T., Hunt, J. I., Adams, L., Kim, K., Frazier, E. A., Yen, S., Dickstein, D. P., & Spirito, A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13095 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Feasibility of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Suicidality of Children
(2020) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
A critical evaluation of the role of cognitive behaviour therapy in children and adolescents with depression
Delaney, M. (2009) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x09990031 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Authors: Spirito, A., Esposito-Smythers, C., Wolff, J., & Uhl, K.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
George Mason University (US)
Rhode Island Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Spirito, Anthony
ORCID: Spirito, Anthony
Esposito-Smythers, Christianne
Wolff, Jennifer
Uhl, Kristen
Venue: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 191-204
ISSN: 1056-4993 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.012
PMC: PMC3073681
OpenAlex: W2115829905
Cited by: 140
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 1.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH001783)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, adolescent depression, suicidality, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, treatment efficacy, cognitive strategies, behavioral techniques
MeSH terms: Suicide Prevention, Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression and Suicidality

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