The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Occurrence and source characterization of perfluorochemicals in an urban watershed
Abstract
Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are used in numerous applications, mainly as surfactants, and occur ubiquitously in the environment as complex mixtures. This study was undertaken to characterize the occurrence and sources of commonly detected PFC compounds in surface waters of the Marina catchment, a watershed that drains an urbanized section of Singapore. Of the 19 target PFCs, 13 were detected with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (5-31 ng L(-1)) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (1-156 ng L(-1)) being the dominant components. Other compounds detected included perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C12) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C6 and C8). Sulfonamide compounds detected 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (FOSAA) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) were putative transformation products of N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE, the N-ethylated and N-methylated ethyl alcohol derivatives, respectively. Surface water concentrations were generally higher during dry weather than during storm water flow: the median concentrations of total PFCs in dry and wet weather were 57 and 138 ng L(-1) compared to 42 and 79 ng L(-1), respectively, at Stamford and Alexandra canal, suggesting the presence of a continuous source(s) which is subject to dilution during storm events. In rain water, median concentrations were 6.4 ng L(-1), suggesting rain contributed from 12-25% to the total PFC load for non-point source sites. The longitudinal concentration profile along one of the canals revealed a point source of sulfonated PFCs (PFOS), believed to originate from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Sources were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA) and by plotting PFHxS/PFOA against PFOS/PFOA. Typical surface waters exhibit PFOS/PFOA and PFHxS/PFOA ratios below 0.9 and 0.5, respectively. PCA plots reveal waters impacted by "non-typical" PFC sources in Alexandra canal.
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“Median concentrations of total PFAS in the heavily urbanized watershed in Singapore were higher (3.7 -85.2 times for DW and 2.9 -19.7 times for WW) than in this study, with an observed decrease in PFAS concentrations during WW due to already high PFAS concentrations in the DW sample.”
From Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams (2025) · cites this paper as Nguyen et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Therefore, it is not surprising that surface runoff is considered as one of the main sources of PFAS pollution in surface water (Nguyen et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Nguyen et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, compared with other studies (Kim and Kannan, 2007; Murakami et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2011; Zushi et al., 2008) about these five PFAS in the stormwater, the concentration of PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnA from US studies (including our study) are relatively lower than those from studies of Japan and Singapore.”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfill liquids from Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Wisconsin (2024) · cites this paper as Nguyen et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“BPA has been quan-tied globally in outdoor air and is generally particle-associated; 86 this suggests the potential role of deposition via precipitation to the landscape, though few measurements in rainfall are available.”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“This diversity may stem from PFAS being washed-out from consumer products [36,60,91], being emitted from industrial activities [21,65,132], and being released from landfill leachate treated in wastewater treatment plants [75,122].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
Citations
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Sinclair, E., & Kannan, K. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es051798v · Cited by 547
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Exner, M., & Färber, H. (2006) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International · doi:10.1065/espr2006.07.326 · Cited by 507
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- OECD, 2006. OECD Workshop on Perflorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) and Precursors.
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Items 101–109 of 109
Fate and distribution of per and poly fluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the urban environment
Nanjappa, V. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.247479
Modeling PFAS in the global atmosphere – the PRIEST extension for the ICON-ART modeling framework
Landero, H. A. M., Bruckert, J., Petrik, R., Simon, P., Mikheeva, E., Vogel, H., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., & Ramacher, M. O. P. (2026) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-19-6587-2026 · Cited by 2
“…datasets from several publications (Barton et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2009; Scott et al., 2010; Kwok et al., 2010; Kim and Kannan, 2007; Kirchgeorg et al., 2013; Müller et al., 2011; Nguyen et al., 2011), the Global Environmental Assessment Information System (GENASIS) (Urbánek et al., 2010 .”
Liu, J., Zheng, S., Bi, Z., Zhou, Z., Cao, H., Cao, M., Lu, M., Wang, L., Zhang, J., & Liang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2026.01.076
Nguyen, T. M. H., Prabhu, A., Billings, K., Bishop, D., Seymour, J. R., & Doblin, M. A. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124539
Riverine PFAS Dynamics in an Agricultural-Urban Watershed
Adeola, A., Green, D. I. S., Crumpton, W. G., & Charbonnet, J. A. (2026) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.6c00171
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“PFHxS concentrations ranged from 2.6 to 39.9 ng L − 1 at different points within the water-shed [11].”
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Sedlak, M. D., Benskin, J. P., Wong, A., Grace, R., & Greig, D. J. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096 · Cited by 99
Allinson, M., Yamashita, N., Taniyasu, S., Yamazaki, E., & Allinson, G. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02472 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Nguyen, V. T., Reinhard, M., & Karina, G. Y.-H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- ORCID
- Reinhard, Martin
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1277-1285
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075478341
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- perfluorochemicals, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, aqueous film-forming foam, point source pollution, non-point source pollution, urban watersheds, surface water contamination, stormwater runoff, source apportionment
- MeSH terms
- Caprylates, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Seawater, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Chemical, Water Supply, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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