Cited by 112Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchUrban Stormwater Management SolutionsPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

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Occurrence and source characterization of perfluorochemicals in an urban watershed

Nguyen, Viet Tung, Reinhard, Martin, Karina, Gin Yew-Hoong·2011·Chemosphere

DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.030

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Abstract

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are used in numerous applications, mainly as surfactants, and occur ubiquitously in the environment as complex mixtures. This study was undertaken to characterize the occurrence and sources of commonly detected PFC compounds in surface waters of the Marina catchment, a watershed that drains an urbanized section of Singapore. Of the 19 target PFCs, 13 were detected with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (5-31 ng L(-1)) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (1-156 ng L(-1)) being the dominant components. Other compounds detected included perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C12) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C6 and C8). Sulfonamide compounds detected 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (FOSAA) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) were putative transformation products of N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE, the N-ethylated and N-methylated ethyl alcohol derivatives, respectively. Surface water concentrations were generally higher during dry weather than during storm water flow: the median concentrations of total PFCs in dry and wet weather were 57 and 138 ng L(-1) compared to 42 and 79 ng L(-1), respectively, at Stamford and Alexandra canal, suggesting the presence of a continuous source(s) which is subject to dilution during storm events. In rain water, median concentrations were 6.4 ng L(-1), suggesting rain contributed from 12-25% to the total PFC load for non-point source sites. The longitudinal concentration profile along one of the canals revealed a point source of sulfonated PFCs (PFOS), believed to originate from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Sources were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA) and by plotting PFHxS/PFOA against PFOS/PFOA. Typical surface waters exhibit PFOS/PFOA and PFHxS/PFOA ratios below 0.9 and 0.5, respectively. PCA plots reveal waters impacted by "non-typical" PFC sources in Alexandra canal.

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Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds
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Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Evaluate UV-Sulfite-Induced Transformations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)
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Removal of contaminants in stormwater via subsurface-flow wetlands: A review with focus on nutrients, heavy metals, and PFAS
Goukeh, M. N., & Alamdari, N. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/joeedu.eeeng-7478 · Cited by 22
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in urban surface water of Shijiazhuang, China: Occurrence, distribution, sources and ecological risks
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Ecological effects and molecular mechanisms of single and coexisting PFOS and Cu exposure on submerged macrophytes and periphytic biofilms in aquatic environments
Wang, Y., Xiao, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, K., Tian, X., Cao, X., Wang, Q., Lei, N., Zheng, Z., Zhang, W., et al. (2023) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105435 · Cited by 15
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Liu, M., Saracevic, E., Oudega, T. J., Obeid, A. A. A., Nagy-Kovács, Z., László, B., Kittlaus, S., Zoboli, O., Krampe, J., Derx, J., et al. (2025) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-025-01141-6 · Cited by 9
“This diversity may stem from PFAS being washed-out from consumer products [36, 60, 91], being emitted from industrial activities [21, 65, 132], and being released from landfill leachate treated in wastewater treatment plants [75, 122].”
Monthly Variations in Perfluorinated Compound Concentrations in Groundwater
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“Previous studies have found a similar pattern in concentrations when studying AFFF [38,39].”
Result
Early Stage Exposure of 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctanesulfonate-Induced Cardiovascular Abnormality in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae
Wang, L., Chen, S., Hou, H., Cao, M., Zhou, Z., Cao, H., Chen, M., Liang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.2c00435 · Cited by 8
The Investigation of Perfluorinated Compounds in Surface Waters of the Xixi Wetland, Hangzhou, China
Xu, H., Zhu, J., Lei, C., Xu, X., Wang, W., Lu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2016) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-016-1954-9 · Cited by 9
“However, these compounds are still widely used because of their low cost and versatility, and have been detected in various surface waters of rivers and lakes (Nakayama et al. 2007; Nguyen et al. 2011; Kimet al. 2011; Loos et al. 2008; Pan et al. 2011, 2014; Pico et al. 2012, So et al. 2007).”
Background
Application of On-Line SPE-LC/MSD to Measure Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Water
Son, H.-J., Yoom, H.-S., Jung, J.-M., & Jang, S.-H. (2013) · 대한환경공학회지 · doi:10.4491/ksee.2013.35.2.075 · Cited by 8
Sources of Environmental Pollution: Persistent Organic Pollutants
Arslan‐Alaton, I., & Ölmez-Hancı, T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53870-3.00012-5 · Cited by 8
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Peixoto, F. D. S., & Silveira, R. N. C. M. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física · doi:10.5935/1984-2295.20170054 · Cited by 5
Data-driven management strategies for carbon emissions and emerging contaminants control in wastewater treatment plants
Song, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, T., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14170-6.00026-3 · Cited by 5
Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in Qiantang River waters of China
Xu, H. Y., Wang, W., & Xu, X. (2015) · International Journal of Environment and Pollution · doi:10.1504/ijep.2015.072110 · Cited by 5
“2 ng/l) (Nguyen et al., 2011), western coast in Korea (68.”
Background
Assessment of PFAS in urban stormwater, vadose zone and groundwater: Insights from three different rainfall events
Bouarafa, S., Khaska, S., Le Gal La Salle, C., Soukrate, I., Verdoux, P., Lemoine, M., & Côme, J.-M. (2026) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2026.126142 · Cited by 3
Perfluoroalkyl substances in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: occurrence, source discrimination and treatment.
Xiao, F. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 3
Oxidative Measurement of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors: Implications for Urban Runoff Management and Remediation of AFFF-Contaminated Groundwater and Soil
Houtz, E. F. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Perfluorinated Compounds in Water and Fish from Rivers and Lakes in the World
Tsuda, T., & IGAWA, T. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.5985/jec.22.149 · Cited by 2
The Concentration Levels of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Qiantang River Waters of China
Xu, H. Y., Zhu, J. Q., Wang, W., Lu, Y., & Xu, X. (2014) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2106 · Cited by 2
Perfluorinated Compounds in Water of Lake Biwa and Nearby Rivers and Sediment of Lake Biwa
Tsuda, T., Takino, A., IGAWA, T., KAWAHARA, A., Kitagawa, N., Sanuki, N., & Uda, T. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.5985/jec.25.139 · Cited by 1
Occurrence and fate of selected organic contaminants in soils, sediment and estuarine water from South-East Queensland
Anim, A. K. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.134389 · Cited by 1
Survey of two perfluorinated organic compounds (PFOA and PFHxA) in water and biota surrounding a polyfluorinated chemical plant
Dillon, K. S. (2015) · Gulf and Caribbean Research · doi:10.18785/gcr.2601.05
“…area had a mean PFOA concentration of 9.3 ng/l (Xiao et al. 2011) while an urbanized region of Singapore had PFOA concentrations of 5 ng/l — 31 ng/l (Nguyen et al 2011), and storm-water runoff in Tokyo had PFOA concentrations ranging from 15 ng/l to about 105 ng/l (Murakami et al. 2009a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Identification of suitable indicators for tracing human faecal contamination and sewage in urban catchments
Ekklesia, E. (2014) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/60978
“Some studies suggest but do not substantiate that surface water contamination may originate from leaking sewers (Sercu et al. 2009; Nguyen et al. 2011;Xu et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Occurrence and photochemical fate of perfluorochemicals in a tropical urban watershed
Nguyen, V. T. (2011) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/46533
“4.3) are consistent with the surface water concentrations determined previously (Nguyen et al., 2011c) .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity study of perfluorinated chemicals
Liu, C. (2014) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/61603
“Although PFOS and PFOA are the predominant PFCs detected in the environment, other long chain PFCs such as PFNA and PFDA were also frequently detected and may account for higher proportions in organisms (Ishibashi et al. 2008, Nguyen et al. 2011).”
Background
The Sources and Transport of Organic Contaminants in Urban Watersheds: Unraveling the Effects of Land Use, Hydrology, and Chemical Properties
Parajulee, A. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Partitioning behavior and occurrence of airborne polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Singapore
Wu, Y. (2013) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/51878
Fate of Emerging Water Pollutants
Ayub, M. A., Zia‐ur‐Rehman, M., Umar, W., et al. (2022) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/97897815040739122010009

Authors: Nguyen, V. T., Reinhard, M., & Karina, G. Y.-H.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Reinhard, Martin
Venue: Chemosphere
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-02
Volume: 82
Issue: 9
Pages: 1277-1285
ISSN: 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.030
OpenAlex: W2075478341
Cited by: 112
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 6.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords: perfluorochemicals, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, aqueous film-forming foam, point source pollution, non-point source pollution, urban watersheds, surface water contamination, stormwater runoff, source apportionment
MeSH terms: Caprylates, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Seawater, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Chemical, Water Supply, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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Occurrence and source characterization of perfluorochemicals in an urban watershed

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