The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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Claims the paper makes
11 Own interpretation · 1 Sources not found · 1 No full text of the sources
In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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Cited by
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“Nevertheless, establishing the cross-sectional relations among variables is an important first step prior to conducting more advanced and rigorous longitudinal or experimental work (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“Besides, the cross-sectional study has the advantages of saving time and money, being easy to implement, and having a low rate of attrition (Wang and Cheng, 2020), and its practical effect has been confirmed in a large number of empirical studies (Wang et al.”
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“The majority of the articles included in this review presented cross-sectional data limiting the ability to infer causation, accurately interpret associations, and evaluate the temporal relation between outcomes (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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Influencing Public Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare Delivery
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“While this design offers numerous advantages, such as the ability to provide a snapshot of phenomena at a specific point in time and contribute to hypothesis generation, it inherently limits the ability to establish causality [63, 64].”
BackgroundClaes, R., Laga, J., Denies, K., Bleukx, N., Dockx, J., Keer, H. V., & Aesaert, K. (2024) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-024-00233-8 · Cited by 46
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The use and usefulness of GenAI in higher education: Student experience and perspectives
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“Cross-sectional research is observational, involves looking at a snapshot of data collected from a group at a speci fi c point in time, and is descriptive (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
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“This study was a cross-sectional survey, a type of observational study that obtains and analyses data from a population at a specific point in time [19].”
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“However, the cross-sectional design limitations of the initial (LQAS) survey [37] and the draw backs of secondary analyses [38] could not overcome by this study.”
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“Wang & Cheng (2020) argues that the cross-sectional research design enables the researcher to have a greater control over precision of estimates in sub-groups.”
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Qatawneh, A. M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097155 · Cited by 14
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“Future research should employ longitudinal designs to clarify causal relationships between chronic illness, health behaviors, and psychological outcomes in older adults, as cross-sectional studies cannot determine directionality or long-term effects [89].”
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Health effects of liquid and gaseous fuels for household energy use: systematic evidence mapping
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“…designs and self-reported assessment methods are straightforward to implement, the quality of evidence is likely to be compromised due to known inaccuracies of selfreported assessments (Newell et al 1999) and health effects missed due to single time point in data collection (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
BackgroundAssociation between Shift Work Schedules and Cardiovascular Events in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort
Dicom, A. R., Huang, X., & Hilal, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032047 · Cited by 15
“Fourth, this study uses a cross-sectional design, hence the associations are not causal [45].”
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Mantje, M. P., Rambe, P., & Ndofirepi, T. M. (2023) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v25i1.1549 · Cited by 13
Prognostic Biomarkers Based on Proteomic Technology in COPD: A Recent Review
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Elban, M., & Aslan, S. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01233-z · Cited by 16
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“32 The study was conducted in the Bawku municipality in the Upper East Region of Ghana, which has a population of 119,458 as per the 2021 census, from mid ‐ October to mid ‐ November 2021.”
BackgroundLORENZO, A. D., Pellegrini, M., Gualtieri, P., Itani, L., Frank, G., Ghoch, M. E., & Renzo, L. D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030352 · Cited by 14
“Secondly, our study is cross-sectional [57], therefore at best it can reveal only an association between obesity and low bone mass, and no cause–effect relationship in which the former influences the latter [58].”
BackgroundDrinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Dagnall, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297403 · Cited by 13
Taccini, F., Rossi, A. A., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12966 · Cited by 16
Big Data Research on Severe Asthma
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“However, when the objective is to evaluate epidemio - logical outcomes, use of large-scale cross-sectional data would be the preferred choice 35 .”
BackgroundRamadan, O. M. E., Alruwaili, M. M., Alruwaili, A. N., Elsharkawy, N. B., Abdelaziz, E. M., El-Badawy, R. E.-S., & El-Nasr, E. M. S. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11060634 · Cited by 27
“The cross-sectional design is well suited for examining the complex interplay between variables and generating hypotheses for future research while also offering practical insights for the development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies [77].”
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“However, there are some weaknesses in this research method because it is difficult to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship and is prone to bias (Kesmodel, 2018; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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Liechti, M., Menegon, M., Schurz, A. P., Taeymans, J., Baur, H., Clijsen, R., Malfliet, A., & Lutz, N. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13875 · Cited by 13
Yue, W., Chen, Y., & Xiao-qin, M. (2025) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106748 · Cited by 17
Adarkwah, M. A. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102636 · Cited by 25
A systematic literature review of charity sport event sponsorship
Fechner, D., Filo, K. R., Reid, S., & Cameron, R. (2022) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2022.2029524 · Cited by 13
“Collecting cross-sectional data is time and cost efficient (Wang & Cheng, 2020), but collecting data at one specific point in time after the event has limitations in identifying whether event participants’ response to the sponsor is the result of the partnership between the brand and the event…”
BackgroundSoh, T. Y. T., Rosdy, N. M. M. N. M., Yusof, M. Y. P. M., Hilmy, S. H. A., & Sabri, B. A. M. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111814 · Cited by 13
Fluctuations of psychological states on Twitter before and during COVID-19
Massell, J., Lieb, R., Meyer, A. H., & Mayor, E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278018 · Cited by 16
Healthcare experience affects pain‐specific responses to others' suffering in the anterior insula
Corradi‐Dell’Acqua, C., Hofstetter, C., Sharvit, G., Hügli, O., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26468 · Cited by 13
“As such, our study shares the weaknesses of cross-sectional investigations (Wang & Cheng, 2020), as the role of health-care experience was not tested longitudinally in the same population.”
ResultNg, J. Y., Li, S. Y., & Cramer, H. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03661-9 · Cited by 13
Idris, M. O. A., Omar, A. M., Mohamed, M. J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1541502 · Cited by 12
Nursing students’ views on men in nursing: a gender diversity challenge in the healthcare workforce
Prosen, M., & Čekada, T. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03521-y · Cited by 13
Čelakovská, J., Čermáková, E., Boudková, P., & Krejsek, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604883 · Cited by 16
Multiple Marginalized Identities, Minority Stress, and Mental Health
Rubin‐McGregor, J., Heitt, J., & Hunger, J. M. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70077 · Cited by 16
Clashing AIs: Artificial Intelligence Literacy and Academic Integrity in an EFL Context
Uygun, E. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09676-2 · Cited by 18
“…single-institution sample, and a cross-sectional design, have already been addressed E. Uygun in the methodology section, they need to be briefly reiterated here as they may have limited the generalizability and causal interpretability of the findings (Podsakoff et al., 2003 ; Wang & Cheng, 2020 ).”
Yue, X., Cao, H., Wang, Y., Zhu, D. Y., & Hu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1663439 · Cited by 13
“While useful for identifying contemporaneous associations, these designs cannot capture within-person change over time or establish temporal ordering (Wang and Cheng, 2020; Vanderweele et al., 2020).”
Wang, X. J., Ebbert, J. O., Loftus, C. G., Rosedahl, J. K., & Philpot, L. M. (2023) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14546 · Cited by 13
Self-citationTomczak, M., Kleka, P., Tomczak, E., & Walczak, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288859 · Cited by 13
Li, M., Wei, J., Yang, S.-H., Tian, Y., Han, S., Jia, G., Ala, M. B. D., Song, R., & Wei, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1334699 · Cited by 12
Ng, J. Y., Kochhar, J., & Cramer, H. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08785-9 · Cited by 12
“Similarly, recall bias, which may arise due to individuals’ prior exposure to CAIM usage in oncology settings, may have also affected our findings [58].”
BackgroundClinchamps, M., Bibily, C., Bouillon‐Minois, J., Ugbolue, U. C., Trousselard, M., Pereira, B., & Dutheil, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392365 · Cited by 21
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses regarding enteral feeding: a systematic review
Zare‐Kaseb, A., Sarmadi, S., Nazari, A. M., Ryahin, A., & Zeydi, A. E. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02755-0 · Cited by 12
Chaabna, K., Jithesh, A., Khawaja, S., Aboughanem, J., Mamtani, R., & Cheema, S. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04072 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, a substantial proportion of the included primary studies had a risk of non-response and selection biases, which are common in cross-sectional studies using questionnaires [ 48 ].”
Factors driving Gen Z's news engagement on TikTok: A hybrid analysis through CB-SEM and PLS-SEM
Trang, T. T. N., Thắng, P. C., Nguyen, G. T. T., & Nguyen, H. T. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100645 · Cited by 12
Taifa, I. W. R., & Mwakagamba, I. (2025) · Engineering Reports · doi:10.1002/eng2.70168 · Cited by 14
“A cross-sectional research design is an empirical study that examines a sensation within its real-life context using multiple sources of evidence and examining the boundaries between phenomena [38].”
AI and ChatGPT in Higher Education: Greek Students’ Perceived Practices, Benefits, and Challenges
Κώστας, Α., Paraschou, V., Spanos, D., Tzortzoglou, F., & Sofos, A. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15050605 · Cited by 24
Ssemugenyi, F., & Nuru, T. S. (2021) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2021.1989997 · Cited by 12
“With reference to this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted because the required data could only be collected at one point in time (Amin M. 2005; Xiaofeng & Cheng, 2020; James & Schumacher, 2006).”
MethodSkelton, E., Smith, A. J., Harrison, G., Rutherford, M., Ayers, S., & Malamateniou, C. (2023) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2023.03.007 · Cited by 12
Risk and protective factors for revictimization from intimate partner violence: A systematic review
Pacheco, Y. J. O., Gallo-Barrera, Y. D., & Muñoz, C. P. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241270816 · Cited by 12
“Although cross-sectional designs cannot calculate causal inferences between outcomes and risk factors, they are valuable for generating new hypotheses and establishing scientific evidence for future, more in-depth studies (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Provitera, L., Tomaselli, A., Algieri, F., Tripodi, M., Raffaeli, G., Amodeo, I., Raymo, L., Bronzoni, C. V., Fumagalli, M., Garrido, F., et al. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14110570 · Cited by 12
“NEC is a dynamic ailment, and cross-sectional studies providing only fixed snapshots can result in inadequacy for elucidating its progression and causality [159].”
Dysautonomia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Papadopoulou, Μ., Stefanou, M., Bakola, E., Moschovos, C., Athanasaki, A., Tsigkaropoulou, E., Michopoulos, I., Paraskevas, G. P., Gournellis, R., & Tsivgoulis, G. K. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050502 · Cited by 13
“Instead, they can only establish associations, and sometimes, the associations identified might be difficult to interpret [69].”
Ahmad, Z., Sultana, A., Latheef, N. A., Siby, N., Sellami, A., & Abbasi, S. A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105446 · Cited by 28
Ramadan, O. M. E., Elsharkawy, N. B., Hafiz, A. H., Katooa, N. E., Abunar, A., Attallah, D. M. A., Dewan, M. F., Alruwaili, M. M., Alruwaili, A. N., Alshammari, A. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03839-7 · Cited by 15
Dweik, I., & Woodhall‐Melnik, J. (2022) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2022.2037175 · Cited by 11
“By design, cross-sectional studies cannot determine sequence of events, temporal relationship, and gradient effect (Carlson & Morrison, 2009; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundNurses retrospective view on nursing education: A repeated cross-sectional study over three decades
Kõrgemaa, U., Sisask, M., & Ernits, Ü. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26211 · Cited by 15
Bagnasco, A., Alvaro, R., Lancia, L., Manara, D. F., Rasero, L., Rocco, G., Burgio, A., Nitto, M. D., Zanini, M. P., Zega, M., et al. (2024) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13320 · Cited by 11
Tong, L. K., Li, Y. Y., Liu, Y. B., Zheng, M. R., Fu, G. L., & Au, M. L. (2024) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-024-00365-5 · Cited by 12
Modeling New Technology Readiness and Acceptance in the Case of B2B Marketing Employees
Fam, K., Liu, Y., Wei, S., Edu, T., Zaharia, R., & Negricea, C. I. (2024) · Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing · doi:10.1080/1051712x.2024.2364699 · Cited by 13
“Additionally, this research made use of a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative approach, as the aim was to determine the predominance of particular relationships (Rindfleisch et al. 2008; Wang and Cheng 2020).”
The mental health of Ukrainian refugees: a narrative review
Ellis, E., Hazell, C. M., & Mason, O. J. (2024) · Academia Medicine · doi:10.20935/acadmed6232 · Cited by 17
David, L., Ismaiel, A., Foucambert, P., Leucuța, D., Popa, Ș., Stănculete, M. F., & Dumitrascu, D. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154475 · Cited by 14
König, L., Schröder, R., Hamer, T., & Suhr, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1464651 · Cited by 12
“First, the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow causal interpretations of the association of the investigated constructs (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
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Nerve morbidity at the radial forearm donor site following gender-affirming phalloplasty
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“TABLE II STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF VARIOUS SAMPLING TECHNIQUES [16]”
BackgroundSubcutaneous injections: A cross-sectional study of knowledge and practice preferences of nurses
Fidan, Ö., Zeyrek, A. Ş., & Arslan, S. (2023) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2023.2209207 · Cited by 11
“The reporting of the results was in line with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), used in cross-sectional studies (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Children's shyness, emotional intelligence, and internalizing behaviors
Jung, S., Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112242 · Cited by 11
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Integrated soil-fruit-climate management system to improve apple production stability
Duan, Z., Ding, J., Jiang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167840 · Cited by 11
Kakooza, S., Munyiirwa, D. F. N., Ssajjakambwe, P., et al. (2021) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2021/3258059 · Cited by 11
“Epidemiological sample size calculations took into account recommendations by the documentation of Wang and Cheng [16].”
MethodSilva, M., & Rodrigues, R. (2025) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci15050189 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, this type of design is suitable when theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that mediation effects may occur either immediately or within a short time frame (X. Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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Li, W., Song, Y., Zhou, Z., Gu, C., & Wang, B. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16041446 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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