The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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“org for investigating relationships between variables that are not expected to change over time (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
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“Cross-sectional study designs are known to have limitations in assessing causal inference, an inability to account for temporal relationships, and difficulty in interpreting associations ( X.Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“A cross-sectional survey design was chosen as the research methodology for this study (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“Additionally, the conclusions drawn from a cross-sectional study are often context-specific and may not generalise to different populations or settings (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
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“Cross sectional research is effective for gaining a snapshot from a given timeframe (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“Finally, in that vein, numerous studies show that it was university women who suffered a greater impact on their health during this period, as well as greater stress and greater coping difficulties (Wang et al., 2020; Hoyt et al., 2021; Marco-Ahulló et al., 2021).”
Clear Aligner Treatment: Indications, Advantages, and Adverse Effects—A Systematic Review
Hartogsohn, C. R., & Sonnesen, L. (2025) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj13010040 · Cited by 18
“Cross-sectional studies are subject to nonresponse bias since the opinions of the respondents included cannot be held against the opinions of the orthodontists who did not respond to the questionnaire, which makes it hard to conclude whether the results are representative [44].”
Robbins, M. K., Spence, M., & Steeves, E. A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12817-6 · Cited by 22
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and its relation with Depression and Anxiety among University Students
Ibrahim, S. A. S., Dahlan, A., Pauzi, N. W. M., & Vetrayan, J. (2022) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3358 · Cited by 27
Choong, Y. O., Ng, L.-P., & Lau, T. C. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2022.2053063 · Cited by 18
“Finally, the nature of the cross-sectional data is unable to provide causal inference (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundYarad, E., Bates, S., Butler, M., Byrne, K. M., Eastwood, G. M., Grattan, S., Miller, J. J., Morrison, L., Murray, L., Palermo, A., et al. (2022) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2022.08.009 · Cited by 19
Hammud, G., Avital-Magen, A., Schusheim, G., Barzuza, I., & Engel‐Yeger, B. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10101622 · Cited by 20
“Cross-sectional studies analyze data gathered from a population at a single point in time for measuring the prevalence of health outcomes and for describing features of a population [59].”
BackgroundUthede, S., Nilsson, I., Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Farias, L. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2022.2046154 · Cited by 17
“A cross-sectional survey design was chosen as it is relatively inexpensive and adaptable to participants needs [46].”
BackgroundMethodWatson, C., Thirumalai, D., Barlev, A., Jones, E., Bogdanovich, S., & Kresa-Reahl, K. (2023) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00532-2 · Cited by 18
Food-based indexes and their association with dietary inflammation
Reyneke, G. L., Lambert, K., & Beck, E. J. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100400 · Cited by 26
“Additionally, the data used in the included studies were predominantly derived from cross-sectional studies, which are prone to reporting bias and are unable to establish causal inferences [172].”
Edonomokumor, T., Arhinful, R., Mensah, L., & Obeng, H. A. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00563-1 · Cited by 18
Factors affecting children’s HPV vaccination in Austria: Evidence from a parent survey
Waser, M., Heiss, R., & Borena, W. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2126251 · Cited by 20
Sport-related concussion attitudes and knowledge in elite English female footballers
Shafik, A., Bennett, P., Rosenbloom, C., et al. (2022) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2022.2161613 · Cited by 17
“The study was a cross-sectional study and therefore there is an inability to assess incidence due to data observed at a given point in time (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
BackgroundThree methodological approaches to studying singlehood
Park, Y., Girme, Y. U., & MacDonald, G. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12884 · Cited by 18
“But if researchers wished to interpret the results as indicating differences due to having a romantic partner, this approach is indeed limited (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundHousehold hardships and responses to COVID-19 pandemic-related shocks in Eastern Ethiopia
Muir, J. A., Dheresa, M., Madewell, Z. J., Getachew, T., Daraje, G., Mengesha, G., Whitney, C. G., Assefa, N., & Cunningham, S. A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16982-0 · Cited by 15
Association between alcohol use disorder and risk of obstructive sleep apnea
Ko, J., Lim, J. H., Kim, D. B., Joo, M. J., Jang, Y. S., Park, E., & Shin, J. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14128 · Cited by 21
“Unlike other observational studies, cross-sectional studies are not designed to follow up the same group of individuals over time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Li, M., & Rohayati, M. I. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146080 · Cited by 31
Dye, T., Barbosu, M., Siddiqi, S., Perez-Ramos, J. G., Murphy, H. R., Alcántara, L. V., & Pressman, E. K. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049716 · Cited by 19
Siokas, V., Liampas, I., Lyketsos, C. G., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101365 · Cited by 17
Zhao, S., Jin, X., Zang, L., Liu, Z., Wen, X., & Ran, X. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14122826 · Cited by 17
Ringo, D. S. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2475268 · Cited by 18
“This approach was chosen because data were gathered at a single point in time, aligning with the study ’ s objective of examining the current relationships between the variables under investigation rather than tracking their variations over time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Approaches for the Use of AI in Workplace Health Promotion and Prevention: Systematic Scoping Review
Lange, M., Löwe, A., Kayser, I., & Schaller, A. (2024) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/53506 · Cited by 20
Common Bias and Challenges in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Research: How to Tackle Them
Thibaut, A., Beaudart, C., Martens, G., Bornheim, S., & Kaux, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.873241 · Cited by 16
Acute Relaxation Response Induced by Tibetan Singing Bowl Sounds: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Río-Álamos, C., Montefusco‐Siegmund, R., Cañete, T., Sotomayor, J., & Fernández‐Teruel, A. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13020024 · Cited by 22
First-Aid Knowledge and Attitudes of Schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review
Alsulami, M. (2023) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s395534 · Cited by 16
“These limitations involve the study designs including (eg, cross-sectional observational studies that analyzed data from a population at a single time point) and the use of non-validated questionnaires.(41)”
BackgroundPCOS health-related quality-of-life and depressive symptoms across the lifespan: Comparative study
Wright, P. J., Tavakoli, A. S., & Corbett, C. F. (2023) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2023.2230112 · Cited by 18
“Cross-sectional designs to implement survey research are used to explore and describe the prevalence of conditions, risk factors, and outcomes in a population (Setia, 2016; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Benyumiza, D., Kumakech, E., Gutu, J., Banihani, J., Mandap, J., Talib, Z. M., Wakida, E. K., Maling, S., & Obua, C. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04174-9 · Cited by 20
“Methods Study design and setting This was a cross-sectional community-based study [22] that employed quantitative research methods.”
MethodArishi, A. A., Gosadi, I. M., Hakami, I. A., Darraj, H., Abusageah, F., Hakami, K., Zaalah, S. A., Awaf, M., Maghrabi, R., Alamer, A. A., et al. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59101695 · Cited by 16
“They are also associated with the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease and pregnancy-related complications [13–16].”
BackgroundAmarante, I. C. J., Lippman, S. A., Sevelius, J. M., Saggese, G. S. R., da Sílva, A. A. M., & Veras, M. A. D. S. M. (2023) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2023.0041 · Cited by 16
An Integrative Theoretical Framework for Responsible Artificial Intelligence
Haidar, A. (2023) · International Journal of Digital Strategy Governance and Business Transformation · doi:10.4018/ijdsgbt.334844 · Cited by 23
Duarte-Guerra, L. S., Kortchmar, E., Maraviglia, E. C. S., Costa, T. D. S., Lasmar, C. M., Morin, R. M. R., Grossi, I. O., Villares, J. F., Cremonesi, M. C., Watanuki, H. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.030 · Cited by 17
Zafar, A., & Hall, M. (2022) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.26213 · Cited by 18
Transformational leadership in a crisis: Dimensional analysis with psychological capital
Njaramba, F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35900 · Cited by 41
“Cross sectional design is used to provide preliminary evidence but future studies could use a longitudinal design to attribute causal relationships [114].”
BackgroundMethodAlshammari, A., Alanazi, M. F., & Bahari, G. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106359 · Cited by 15
Associations of adverse childhood events with disordered eating behaviors among US adolescents
Ghaffari, A., Graves, K. Y., Hogans-Mathews, S., Flowers, K., & Harman, J. S. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101929 · Cited by 15
Koivisto, J., Kämäräinen, S., Mattsson, K., Pyykko, S. J., Ikonen, R., & Haavisto, E. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/62688 · Cited by 26
Faro, M. H., Gutu, T. S., & Hunde, A. B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318731 · Cited by 28
Alanoğlu, M., Karabatak, S., & Yang, H. (2025) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-025-09458-0 · Cited by 52
“It provides a snapshot of information and is descriptive (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Kamath, S., Sokolenko, E., Clark, S. R., Cross, C., Scott, J. S., Wardill, H. R., Margolis, K. G., Forsythe, P., Burnet, P. W. J., Dinan, T. G., et al. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00498-0 · Cited by 25
Leybourne, C.-B., Liu, Y., & Petrov, M. S. (2025) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000003799 · Cited by 17
Household Happiness and Fuel Poverty: a Cross-Sectional Analysis on Turkey
Ucal, M., & Günay, S. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-020-09894-3 · Cited by 15
Role of perioperative nursing in anesthesia: a national overview
Lemos, C. D. S., & Poveda, V. D. B. (2022) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0465 · Cited by 15
“The cross-sectional study is characterized by the assessment of the outcome and exposure of participants at the same time(10).”
BackgroundSellem, L., Jackson, K. G., Paper, L., Givens, I. D., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522000289 · Cited by 16
Design a Clinical Research Protocol: Influence of Real-World Setting
Cimino, J., & Braun, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11162254 · Cited by 16
“The researcher then analyzes the data to determine the proportion of teenagers who smoke, as well as any patterns or associations between smoking and demographic factors [57,58].”
BackgroundRaoush, A. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2265606 · Cited by 31
“The researcher chose a quantitative method since it is used to make inferences from the data (Rahi, 2017), and the cross-sectional design highlighted the characteristics of a certain population regarding what was happening in that population (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodSudan, T., & Taggar, R. (2024) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-12-2023-0645 · Cited by 16
Hamułka, J., Czarniecka‐Skubina, E., Górnicka, M., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162654 · Cited by 15
“This type of study is often used; it has advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered when planning research and interpreting the results [59].”
BackgroundHans, A., Choudhary, F. S., & Sudan, T. (2024) · International Journal of Accounting and Information Management · doi:10.1108/ijaim-03-2024-0091 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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