The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood
Open accessAbstract
To determine whether child maltreatment has a long-term impact on emotion processing abilities in adulthood and whether IQ, psychopathology, or psychopathy mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and emotion processing in adulthood. Using a prospective cohort design, children (ages 0-11) with documented cases of abuse and neglect during 1967-1971 were matched with non-maltreated children and followed up into adulthood. Potential mediators (IQ, Post-Traumatic Stress [PTSD], Generalized Anxiety [GAD], Dysthymia, and Major Depressive [MDD] Disorders, and psychopathy) were assessed in young adulthood with standardized assessment techniques. In middle adulthood (Mage=47), the International Affective Picture System was used to measure emotion processing. Structural equation modeling was used to test mediation models. Individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment were less accurate in emotion processing overall and in processing positive and neutral pictures than matched controls. Childhood physical abuse predicted less accuracy in neutral pictures and childhood sexual abuse and neglect predicted less accuracy in recognizing positive pictures. MDD, GAD, and IQ predicted overall picture recognition accuracy. However, of the mediators examined, only IQ acted to mediate the relationship between child maltreatment and emotion processing deficits. Although research has focused on emotion processing in maltreated children, these new findings show an impact child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in middle adulthood. Research and interventions aimed at improving emotional processing deficiencies in abused and neglected children should consider the role of IQ.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, childhood experiences of adversity are associated with lifelong negative impacts on health and well-being.”
From What factors are associated with resilient outcomes in children exposed to social adversity? A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806
Four Factor Index of Social Status
Paschou, R. (1975) · Cited by 6,989
(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975]
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975) · Cited by 5,151
Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7 · Cited by 3,876
Self-citationStructural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit
Barrett, P. T. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018 · Cited by 2,640
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224
Structural equations with latent variables
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-0974 · Cited by 2,177
Widom, C. S. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2704995 · Cited by 1,976
Self-citationBest practices for missing data management in counseling psychology
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018082 · Cited by 1,835
On the meaning and use of kurtosis.
DeCarlo, L. T. (1997) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.2.3.292 · Cited by 1,767
A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath
Blair, R. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00676-p · Cited by 1,529
Missing Data Techniques for Structural Equation Modeling.
Allison, P. D. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.545 · Cited by 1,335
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x · Cited by 1,229
Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Hollerbach, P., Mokros, A., Nitschke, J., & Habermeyer, E. (2018) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-018-0478-z · Cited by 1,208
Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory.
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379 · Cited by 1,188
Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory.
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.379 · Cited by 1,187
Spatz Widom, C., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49 · Cited by 1,059
Self-citationSpringer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.01.003 · Cited by 964
Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect.
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. J. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.679 · Cited by 943
Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.8.824 · Cited by 838
Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00150 · Cited by 801
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.4.632 · Cited by 795
Blair, J., Colledge, E., Murray, L. K., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2001) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1012225108281 · Cited by 745
School performance and disciplinary problems among abused and neglected children
Eckenrode, J., Laird, M., & Doris, J. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.53 · Cited by 609
Widom, C. S. (1989) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01671.x · Cited by 592
Self-citationEffects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion.
Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.784 · Cited by 579
Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro–cognitive substrates
Blair, J. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1220 · Cited by 564
The development of psychopathy
Blair, J., Peschardt, K. S., Budhani, S., Mitchell, D. G. V., & Pine, D. S. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01596.x · Cited by 531
The Association between Anxiety and Psychopathy Dimensions in Children
Frick, P. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Ellis, M. L., Loney, B., & Silverthorn, P. (1999) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1021928018403 · Cited by 469
Information processing and ptsd A review of the empirical literature
Buckley, T. C. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00030-6 · Cited by 461
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379050 · Cited by 458
Facial emotion processing in major depression: a systematic review of neuroimaging findings
Stuhrmann, A., Suslow, T., & Dannlowski, U. (2011) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-1-10 · Cited by 440
Childhood victimization and long-term intellectual and academic outcomes
Perez, C. M., & Widom, C. S. (1994) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90012-4 · Cited by 395
Self-citationJoormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.484 · Cited by 389
Reduced sensitivity to others' fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals
Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E., Leonard, R. A., Shine, J. H., Murray, L. K., & Perrett, D. I. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.008 · Cited by 344
Bousha, D. M., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.1.106 · Cited by 326
Beeghly, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940000585x · Cited by 314
Physical abuse amplifies attention to threat and increases anxiety in children.
Shackman, J. E., Shackman, A. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.838 · Cited by 297
Bousha, D. M., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.93.1.106 · Cited by 294
The Effects of Physical Abuse on Children's Social Relationships
Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Hammer, M., & Rosario, M. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02902.x · Cited by 287
Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults
Weiler, B. L., & Widom, C. S. (1996) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.99 · Cited by 258
Self-citationThe role of attention and relatedness in emotionally enhanced memory.
Talmi, D., Schimmack, U., Paterson, T. S. E., & Moscovitch, M. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.89 · Cited by 256
P3b reflects maltreated children's reactions to facial displays of emotion
Pollak, S. D., Klorman, R., Thatcher, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820267 · Cited by 237
Masten, C. L., Guyer, A. E., Hodgdon, H., Tone, E. B., Charney, D. S., Monique Ernst, D., Kaufman, J., Pine, D. S., & Monk, C. S. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.006 · Cited by 208
Dadds, M. R., & Salmon, K. (2003) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1023762009877 · Cited by 200
Jonson‐Reid, M., Drake, B., Kim, J., Porterfield, S. L., & Han, L. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504269192 · Cited by 196
Predicting personality pathology among adult patients with substance use disorders
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., & Handelsman, L. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00072-0 · Cited by 193
The Effects of Physical Abuse on Children's Social Relationships
Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Hammer, M., et al. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131444 · Cited by 184
Physically Abused Children's Regulation of Attention in Response to Hostility
Pollak, S. D., Vardi, S., Bechner, A. M. P., & Curtin, J. J. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00890.x · Cited by 179
Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Surguladze, S., Tunstall, N., Mezey, G., Beer, D., Ambikapathy, A., Robertson, D., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021410 · Cited by 176
Caregiver beliefs and dysphoric affect directed to difficult children.
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Lewis, J. C. (1990) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.4.631 · Cited by 154
Shipman, K., & Zeman, J. L. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp280313 · Cited by 148
Mindreading and the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Altruistic Motivation
Nichols, S. (2001) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00178 · Cited by 142
Early neglect and abuse predict diurnal cortisol patterns in adults
van der Vegt, E. J. M., van der Ende, J., Kirschbaum, C., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.11.004 · Cited by 140
Adult psychopathy and violent behavior in males with early neglect and abuse
Lang, S., af Klinteberg, B., & Alm, P. ‐. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.20.x · Cited by 129
Quick, A. J. (1951) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1951.02920240063024 · Cited by 123
Leist, T., & Dadds, M. R. (2009) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104508100887 · Cited by 122
Curtis, W. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000125 · Cited by 102
The Emotion Dysregulation Model of Anxiety: A preliminary path analytic examination
Suveg, C. M., Morelen, D. M., Brewer, G. A., & Thomassin, K. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.018 · Cited by 100
Interactions Between Children and Abusive Versus Control Parents
Kavanagh, K. A., Youngblade, L., Reid, J. B., & Fagot, B. I. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1702_5 · Cited by 90
Regulation of Emotional Expression in Infants from Two Contrasting Caretaking Environments
Gaensbauer, T. J. (1982) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60915-8 · Cited by 89
Adult Health and Relationship Outcomes Among Women With Abuse Experiences During Childhood
Cannon, E. A., Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M. L., Rivara, F. P., & Thompson, R. S. (2010) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.291 · Cited by 86
Koenig, A. L., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00258.x · Cited by 84
Structural models of the relations between age and measures of cognitive functioning
Salthouse, T. A. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(00)00040-4 · Cited by 84
Childhood Maltreatment and Aggressive Behaviour in Violent Offenders with Psychopathy
Kolla, N. J., Malcolm, C. P., Attard, S., Arenovich, T., Blackwood, N., & Hodgins, S. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800808 · Cited by 84
Maladaptive Schemas and Depression: Tests of Stress Generation and Diathesis-Stress Models
Eberhart, N. K., Auerbach, R. P., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.75 · Cited by 81
Affective Facial Expression Processing in 15-Month-Old Infants Who Have Experienced Maltreatment
Curtis, W. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559513487944 · Cited by 75
Decoding of Facial Expression of Emotion in Criminal Psychopaths
Pham, T. H., & Philippot, P. (2010) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.445 · Cited by 71
Emotionally Arousing Pictures Increase Blood Glucose Levels and Enhance Recall
Blake, T. M., Varnhagen, C. K., & Parent, M. B. (2001) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.2000.3973 · Cited by 68
Iria, C., & Barbosa, F. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940802214218 · Cited by 61
Beeghly, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001417 · Cited by 50
Sánchez-Navarro, J. P., Martínez-Selva, J. M., & Román, F. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.023 · Cited by 48
Quick Test Validation Study and Examination of Form Equivalency
Abidin, R. R., & Byrne, A. V. (1967) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.735 · Cited by 28
Relationship between the Qt and the Wais
Davis, W. E., & Dizzonne, M. F. (1970) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.26.2.457 · Cited by 17
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gartland, D., Riggs, E., Muyeen, S., Giallo, R., Afifi, T. O., MacMillan, H., Herrman, H., Bulford, E., & Brown, S. J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024870 · Cited by 248
Herzberg, M. P., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116493 · Cited by 265
Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Bhuptani, P. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12193 · Cited by 239
Black, P. J., Wollis, M., Woodworth, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.12.004 · Cited by 153
Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment: altered amygdala functional connectivity
Jedd, K., Hunt, R. H., Cicchetti, D., Hunt, E., Cowell, R. A., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Thomas, K. M. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000954 · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, J. C., & Widom, C. S.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Joanna Cahall
- ORCID
- Widom, Cathy Spatz
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1369-1381
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4117717
- OpenAlex
- W2032748584
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 18.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11108, AA09238, R03AA009238, R21AA011108)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH58386, R01MH058386, R01MH049467)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA17842, R01DA017842, R01DA010060, DA10060)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 40774, R01HD040774)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, child neglect, emotional processing, emotion recognition, adulthood, IQ, mediation, psychopathy, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, physical abuse, sexual abuse, International Affective Picture System
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Intelligence, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychopathology, Models, Statistical, Dysthymic Disorder, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
