The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Infectious cDNA Clone of SARS-CoV-2
Open accessAbstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), underscores the urgency to develop experimental systems for studying this virus and identifying countermeasures. We report a reverse genetic system for SARS-CoV-2. Seven complimentary DNA (cDNA) fragments spanning the SARS-CoV-2 genome were assembled into a full-genome cDNA. RNA transcribed from the full-genome cDNA was highly infectious after electroporation into cells, producing 2.9 × 10 6 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL of virus. Compared with a clinical isolate, the infectious-clone-derived SARS-CoV-2 (icSARS-CoV-2) exhibited similar plaque morphology, viral RNA profile, and replication kinetics. Additionally, icSARS-CoV-2 retained engineered molecular markers and did not acquire other mutations. We generated a stable mNeonGreen SARS-CoV-2 (icSARS-CoV-2-mNG) by introducing this reporter gene into ORF7 of the viral genome. icSARS-CoV-2-mNG was successfully used to evaluate the antiviral activities of interferon (IFN). Collectively, the reverse genetic system and reporter virus provide key reagents to study SARS-CoV-2 and develop countermeasures.
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“Together with recent reports of the preserved neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 with key S mutations found in the B.1.1.7 and the B.1.351lineage 39,40 , and neutralization of pseudovirus bearing the full set of mutations of B.1.1.7 S 41 , our data indicate broad BNT162b2-elicited immune recognition 2,13,14 .”
From BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Two variants had either eight (D80A/D215G/Δ242-244/ K417N/E484K/N501Y/D614G/A701V) or ten mutations (L18F/D80A/ D215G/R246I/Δ242-244/K417N/E484K/N501Y/D614G/A701V) found in S of the B.1.351lineage (also referred to as 20C/501Y.V2) 40 .”
From BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This mutation is located in the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) for cell entry, increases binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor”
From Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike 69/70 deletion, E484K and N501Y variants by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“and enables the virus to expand its host range to infect mice 5,6 .”
From Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike 69/70 deletion, E484K and N501Y variants by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
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Self-citationA novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
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First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States
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A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Shaner, N. C., Lambert, G. G., Chammas, A., Ni, Y., Cranfill, P. J. C., Baird, M. A., Sell, B., Allen, J. R., Day, R. N., Israelsson, M., et al. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2413 · Cited by 1,260
A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence
Menachery, V. D., Yount, B. L., Debbink, K. M., Agnihothram, S., Gralinski, L. E., Plante, J. A., Graham, R. L., Scobey, T., Ge, X., Donaldson, E., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3985 · Cited by 901
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2 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Lokugamage, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment, bioRxiv
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Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2
V’kovski, P., Kratzel, A., Steiner, S., Stalder, H., & Thiel, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6 · Cited by 3,371
RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
Self-citationCOVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 · Cited by 1,977
Self-citationSpike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Plante, J. A., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Johnson, B. A., Lokugamage, K. G., Zhang, X., Muruato, A. E., Zou, J., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2895-3 · Cited by 1,558
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xie, X., Muruato, A., Lokugamage, K. G., Narayanan, K., Zhang, X., Zou, J., Liu, J., Schindewolf, C., Bopp, N. E., Aguilar, P. V., Plante, K. S., Weaver, S. C., Makino, S., LeDuc, J. W., Menachery, V. D., & Shi, P.-Y.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Xuping
- Menachery, Vineet D.
- Shi, Pei-Yong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 841-848.e3
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153529
- OpenAlex
- W3015751519
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 16.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Amon G. Carter Foundation
- Summerfield G. Roberts Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5UC7AI094660, AI114657, AI146081, R00AG049092, R24AI120942, U19AI100625)
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation
- Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation
- John S. Dunn Foundation
- University of Texas System (AI127744, AI134907, AI136126, AI142759, AI145617, UL1TR001439)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, infectious clone, reverse genetics, reporter virus, ORF7, interferon antiviral activity, viral replication kinetics, plaque morphology, COVID-19 pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clone Cells, Interferons, Pneumonia, Viral, RNA, Viral, Vero Cells, Virus Replication, Genome, Viral, Genes, Reporter, DNA, Complementary, Coronavirus Infections, Organisms, Genetically Modified, Pandemics
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