SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses
Open accessAbstract
The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 marked the second introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The continuing introductions of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels, the subsequent travel-related viral spread, the unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks and the high case-fatality rates highlight the need for prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Scientific advancements since the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. In this Review, we detail our present understanding of the transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and discuss the current state of development of measures to combat emerging coronaviruses.
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SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV activate NF-κB in a manner dependent on MyD88 through PRRs, such as RIG-I and MDA5, leading to the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNFα, IL-8 and CCL2.
“SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV activate NF-κB in a manner dependent on MyD88 through PRRs, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), leading to the activation of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNFα, IL-8 and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (335).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [335]
The “Immune evasion” passage in The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (page unavailable) describes RIG-I/MDA5 detection, signalling involving MYD88, NF-κB activation, and transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The “Immunopathology” passage names IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 as elevated in SARS patients, but does not link those specific molecules to this pathway. Our copy does not establish that the pathway is MYD88-dependent or identify TNFα as one of its products. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredARDS in COVID-19 is considered the result of cytokine storm, resembling the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
“ARDS in COVID-19 is considered the result of cytokine storm (12–17), resembling the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (335).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [335]
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Khan, M., Adil, S. F., Alkhathlan, H. Z., Tahir, M. N., Saif, S., Khan, M., & Khan, S. T. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26010039 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Wit, E., van Doremalen, N., Falzarano, D., & Munster, V. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munster, Vincent J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Microbiology
- Published
- 2016-06-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 523-534
- ISSN
- 1740-1526 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-1534
- PMC
- PMC7097822
- OpenAlex
- W2470646526
- Cited by
- 3,510
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 276 · 2022: 421 · 2021: 893 · 2020: 1432 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 7.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, emerging coronaviruses, virus transmission, pathogenesis, Camelus dromedarius, hospital outbreak, case fatality, prophylaxis, antiviral agents
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Camelus, Cross Infection, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Travel, Virus Replication, Coronavirus Infections, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Immune Evasion, Pandemics, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
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