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Effect of EEG electrode number on epileptic source localization in pediatric patients
Open accessAbstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between EEG source localization and the number of scalp EEG recording channels.Methods 128 EEG channel recordings of 5 pediatric patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy were used to perform source localization of interictal spikes. The results were compared with surgical resection and intracranial recordings. Various electrode configurations were tested and a series of computer simulations based on a realistic head boundary element model were also performed in order to further validate the clinical findings.Results The improvement seen in source localization substantially decreases as the number of electrodes increases. This finding was evaluated using the surgical resection, intracranial recordings and computer simulation. It was also shown in the simulation that increasing the electrode numbers could remedy the localization error of deep sources. A plateauing effect was seen in deep and superficial sources with further increasing the electrode number.Conclusion The source localization is improved when electrode numbers increase, but the absolute improvement in accuracy decreases with increasing electrode number.Significance Increasing the electrode number helps decrease localization error and thus can more ably assist the physician to better plan for surgical procedures.
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“Studies indicate that higher spatial sampling helps improve the precision of ESI (18, 19).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Furthermore, using high-density EEG for cortical source localization offers a spatial resolution of ∼ 1 – 2 cm (Sohrabpour et al., 2015; Seeber et al., 2019).”
MethodElectromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Corona, L., Rijal, S., Tanritanir, O., Shahdadian, S., Keator, C. G., Tran, L., Malik, S. I., Bosemani, M., Hansen, D. R., Shahani, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/66494 · Cited by 9
“…laboratories use low-density gel-based EEG systems during the MEG recordings, which are advantageous in terms of preparation time (compared to HD-EEG systems), but they offer significantly lower spatial resolution due to the reduced number of electrodes covering the entire scalp 12,16,72,73 .”
BackgroundExplaining E/MEG Source Imaging and Beyond: An Updated Review
Zhao, F., Kakkos, I., Matsopoulos, G. K., Guan, C., & Sun, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3588350 · Cited by 12
Papadelis, C. L., Conrad, S. E., Song, Y., Shandley, S., Hansen, D. R., Bosemani, M., Malik, S. I., Keator, C. G., & Perry, M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.826139 · Cited by 9
Hill, A. T., Ford, T. C., Bailey, N. W., Lum, J. A. G., Bigelow, F. J., Oberman, L. M., & Enticott, P. G. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf020 · Cited by 9
Time Course of Odor Categorization Processing
Bae, J., Kim, K., Moon, S. A., Choe, H. K., Young-Sun, J., Kang, W., & Moon, C. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgab058 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, previous studies suggested evidence of proper estimation of deep brain structures (Zumsteg et al. 2006; Sohrabpour et al. 2015; Iravani et al. 2020), but there are limited studies of the primary olfactory cortex.”
BackgroundBelardinelli, P., Azodi-Avval, R., Ortiz, E., Naros, G., Grimm, F., Weiß, D., & Gharabaghi, A. (2019) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2018.11.jns181684 · Cited by 7
Improving surgical outcome with electric source imaging and high field magnetic resonance imaging
Saute, R. L., Peixoto-Santos, J. E., Velasco, T. R., & Leite, J. P. (2021) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2021.02.006 · Cited by 7
On the Dynamics of Spatial Updating
Blouin, J., Pialasse, J.-P., Mouchnino, L., & Simoneau, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.780027 · Cited by 7
Horrillo‐Maysonnial, A., Avigdor, T., Abdallah, C., Daniel Mansilla, D., Thomas, J., von Ellenrieder, N., Royer, J., Bernhardt, B. C., Grova, C., Gotman, J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2023.08.009 · Cited by 7
Mehra, C., Beyh, A., Laiou, P., Garcés, P., Jones, E. J. H., Mason, L., Buitelaar, J. K., Johnson, M. H., Murphy, D., Loth, E., et al. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.985 · Cited by 8
Estimating underlying neuronal activity from EEG using an iterative sparse technique
Sohrabpour, A., Lu, Y., & He, B. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318442 · Cited by 6
Self-citationVivas, A. B., Paraskevopoulos, E., Castillo, A., & Fuentes, L. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00227 · Cited by 6
Heide, E., van de Velden, D., Garnica-Agudelo, D., Hewitt, M., Riedel, C. H., & Focke, N. K. (2023) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.12732 · Cited by 6
Deep learning-based EEG source imaging is robust under varying electrode configurations
Rong, J., Sun, R., Joseph, B., Worrell, G. A., & He, B. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.04.009 · Cited by 7
“…of the bio-physically constrained deep neural network based ESI solution with low Several ESI studies have underscored the importance of high-density EEG in attaining precise ESI outcomes (Brodbeck et al., 2011; Lantz et al., 2003; Lu et al., 2012; Michel et al., 2004; Sohrabpour et al., 2015).”
Self-citationImaging epileptogenic brain using high density EEG source imaging and MRI
He, B., & Sohrabpour, A. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.074 · Cited by 5
“It has also been shown recently that while increasing the number of electrodes will improve results, there is a plateauing effect in the localization accuracy, thus increasing the electrodes beyond a certain point will not be as beneficial (Lu et al., 2012b; Sohrabpour et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSemi-automated EEG Enhancement Improves Localization of Ictal Onset Zone With EEG-Correlated fMRI
Eyndhoven, S. V., Hunyadi, B., Dupont, P. J., Paesschen, W. V., & Huffel, S. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00805 · Cited by 5
Park, S., Lee, S. K., & Chung, C. K. (2014) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.005 · Cited by 5
Applying correlation analysis to electrode optimization in source domain
Dong, Y., Wang, L., & Li, M. (2023) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-023-02770-w · Cited by 5
“According to the international standard system, the electrode distribution density is reduced to a 10–20 or 10–10 system, which is the electrode optimization technique frequently used in the detection of brain lesions [14].”
MethodJafadideh, A. T., & Asl, B. M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2886251 · Cited by 5
Mathieu, B., Abillama, A., Moré, S., Mercier, C., Simoneau, M., Danna, J., Mouchnino, L., & Blouin, J. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108582 · Cited by 4
Safavi, S. M., Lopour, B. A., & Chou, P. H. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2793882 · Cited by 4
“In addition, although it was shown that increasing the number of electrodes will improve the localization accuracy [22], [23], the computational complexity will grow cubically with the number of electrodes.”
BackgroundLocalization with high-density EEG: Complexity of analysis versus accuracy
Acharya, V. J., & Acharya, J. N. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2019.11.001 · Cited by 4
“Multiple studies indicate that at least 64 electrodes or more are necessary to reduce localization errors (Brodbeck et al., 2011; Lascano et al., 2016; Lantz et al., 2003; Sohrabpour et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHD‐EEG source imaging with simultaneous SEEG recording in drug‐resistant epilepsy
Hao, S., Zhao, H., Feng, Z., Liu, W., Zhang, C., Ping, H., Zhou, Q., Sun, B., Zhan, S., & Cao, C. (2025) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.18552 · Cited by 3
“6 Furthermore, several studies have shown that combining scalp EEG and intracranial modalities improves clinical localization performance by overcoming the spatial sampling limitation of intracranial EEG. 7,8 Simultaneous HD-EEG and SEEG recordings offer a powerful approach to bridging the gap…”
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY FEATURE ENHANCEMENT BASED ON ELECTRODE ACTIVITY RATIO FOR IDENTIFICATION
Albasri, A., Abdali-Mohammadi, F., & Fathi, A. (2020) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s0219519420500116 · Cited by 3
Examining the Low- Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography Technique for EEG Brain Mapping
Tejay, G. P. S., & Mohammed, Z. A. (2023) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3583581.3583586 · Cited by 3
“In their study, Sohrabpour et al. (2015) The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems While the fMRI and positron emission tomography (PET) provide a resolution of 1mm3 (Huettel & Song, 2008), sLORETA and eLORETA are comparable with a resolution of 5mm3.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Sohrabpour, A., Lu, Y., Kankirawatana, P., Blount, J., Kim, H., & He, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Bin
- Venue
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-480
- ISSN
- 1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4289666
- OpenAlex
- W2020479538
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (EB006433, EY023101, HL117664)
- NSF
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques
- Keywords
- EEG source localization, electrode number, pediatric epilepsy, interictal spikes, electrode configuration, surgical planning, intracranial recordings
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Child, Preschool, Computer Simulation, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Epilepsies, Partial, Female, Humans, Male
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