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Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults
Abstract
Background & aims Aging is characterized by a loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) leading to physical disability and death. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is reliable in estimating ASMM but no prediction equations are available for elderly Caucasian subjects. The aim of the study was to develop and validate an equation derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) in healthy Caucasian elderly subjects, taking dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method, and comparing the reliability of the new equation with another BIA-based model developed by Kyle et al. (Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Pichard C, 2003).Methods With a cross-sectional design, 296 free-living, healthy Caucasian subjects (117 men, 179 women) over 60 years of age were enrolled. Lean mass of limbs was measured with DXA to ascertain ASMM (ASMMDxA). Whole-body tetrapolar BIA was performed to measure resistance (Rz), resistance normalized for stature (RI), and reactance (Xc). The BIA multiple regression equation for predicting ASMM was developed using a double cross-validation technique. The predicted ASMM values were compared with ASMMKyle, i.e. ASMM estimates derived from the model developed by Kyle et al. (Kyle et al., 2003).Results Cross-validation resulted in a unique equation using the whole sample: ASMM (kg) = -3.964 + (0.227*RI) + (0.095*weight) + (1.384*sex) + (0.064*Xc) [R(2) = 0.92 and SEE = 1.14 kg]. In our sample, ASMMKyle differed significantly from the ASMMDxA (p < 0.0001), with a mean error of -0.97 ± 1.34 kg (5.1 ± 6.9%). Unlike the present BIA prediction equation, the Kyle et al. model showed a correlation between the bias and the mean of ASMMDxA and ASMMKyle (r = -0.406, p < 0.001).Conclusion The new BIA equation provides a valid estimate of ASMM in older Caucasian adults.
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“No generalizable formulas exist that are derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for predicting appendicular lean mass (ALM) and fat mass (AFM) in sarcopenic older adults.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Only 5% had an SPPB-score 8 in the former compared to 62% in our study.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The functionality of the subjects in Sergi's sample was substantially higher compared to the physical performance in our sample.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The existing models of Kyle et al. [12] and of Sergi et al. [13] overestimated significantly lean-DXA outcome.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The proposed ALM equations seem to be more reliable when applied to sarcopenic older adults than the ones previously published in the literature [12,13], which were developed in adults without physical function decline.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
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“We previously described in detail the characteristics of BIA measures (Sergi et al., 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationMoroni, A., Gasparri, C., Perna, S., Rondanelli, M., & Cremasco, M. M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223897 · Cited by 7
Huang, A.-C., Lu, H.-K., Liang, C.-W., Hsieh, K.-C., Tsai, Y.-S., & Lai, C.-L. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1546499 · Cited by 7
Billeret, A., Rousseau, C., Thirion, R., Baillard-Cosme, B., Charras, K., Somme, D., & Thibault, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030646 · Cited by 7
“Patients with a SEFI® <7 had significantly lower calf circumference, lower BMI, lower fat-free mass index (but not fat mass index) and lower skeletal muscle mass, according to Sergi [22], Wang [23] or Janssen [24] equations (Table 2).”
MethodInfluentialDávalos‐Yerovi, V., Pérez‐Sáez, M. J., Faura‐Vendrell, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2532 · Cited by 7
Deza, D. C., Monterde, V. B., Glaría, E. B., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173780 · Cited by 7
“Electrical parameters obtained with BIA were converted to appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) using the validated Sergi equation [24].”
MethodSoares, J. D. P., Siqueira, J. M., Brito, F. D. S. B., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16020210 · Cited by 7
“To estimate the Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) by Sergi’s predictive equation [20]: where R = BIA resistance in ohms; height in cm; weight in kg; gender (men: 1; women: 0); and Xc = BIA reactance in ohms.”
MethodJäger, J., Callensee, L., Albayrak-Rena, S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624241262549 · Cited by 8
Minetto, M. A., Caresio, C., D’Angelo, V., Lanfranco, F., Ghizzoni, L., Roatta, S., Arvat, E., & Kesari, S. (2018) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2018.1461904 · Cited by 7
“4 mA) were measured with a tetrapolar device (BIA 101 ASE; Akern, Florence, Italy) and used to estimate the total body skeletal MM according to Janssen’s equation(12) and the appendicular skeletal MM (ASMM) according to Sergi’s equation.(13) The total body MM was normalized to the body weight (and expressed in %)(14)…”
MethodEglseer, D., Hristov, H., Krušič, S., Gregorič, N., Hren, I., Pravst, I., & Lavriša, Ž. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13821 · Cited by 6
“Appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) was calculated for each participant based on their raw bioelectrical impedance data (reactance and resistance) and anthropometric data using the equation developed by Sergi et al. [24], which provides a valid estimation of ALST in older Caucasian adults.”
López‐Gómez, J. J., Asensio, L. E., González-Gutiérrez, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70137 · Cited by 6
“The appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), used to diagnose low muscle mass and malnutrition, was estimated using Sergi's Formula [20].”
Stuck, A. K., Weber, A., Wittwer, R., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2021.40 · Cited by 6
“The integrated software of the BIA device calculates the ASMI based on the Sergi equation (23, 24).”
MethodZanotelli, A., Rossi, A. P., Del Monte, L., Vantini, G., Stabile, G., Urbani, S., Giani, A., Zoico, E., Babbanini, A., Fantin, F., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152429 · Cited by 6
González‐Islas, D., Flores‐Cisneros, L., Orea‐Tejeda, A., Keirns, C., López, N. H., Arcos‐Pacheco, L. P., Zurita‐Sandoval, A., Albarran-López, F., García-Castañeda, L., Salgado-Fernández, F., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152468 · Cited by 7
“Normal continuous variables were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, while non-normal variables were expressed as the median and interquartile range (25th–75th percentiles).”
MethodHuet, J., Nordez, A., Sarcher, A., Mathieu, M., Cornu, C., & Boureau, A. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13648 · Cited by 6
“In our multivariate analysis, gender was not significant once we added body mass and volume, although Sergi's equation of BIA ASMM depends on gender [5].”
InfluentialHorner, K. M., Mullen, B., Quinn, A., Scheufele, P., Gola, S., Gonnelli, F., Bozzato, M., Pratt, J., Sala, W., Mullin, S. M., et al. (2024) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114524002125 · Cited by 7
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass, fat mass and fat-free mass will be estimated using validated equations in older adults (69,70) .”
Evaluación de la masa muscular en la práctica clínica en rehabilitación
Meza-Valderrama, D., Marco, E., & Duarte, E. (2020) · Rehabilitación · doi:10.1016/j.rh.2020.01.001 · Cited by 6
Prevalence and associated factors related to sarcopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS
Arraes, L. C. M., Silva, M. P. O. E., dos Santos, A. C. O., da Silveira, V. M., & de Araújo, P. S. R. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09845-5 · Cited by 5
“…2 /strength) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.909 × sex (man = 1, woman = 0)) + ( − 0.012 × age ) + (0.058 × reac-tance) [13] and, in those over 60 years of age, confirmed with the Sergi equation ( − 3.964 + (0.227 x height 2 /resistance) + (0.095 x weight) + (1.384 x gender) + (0.064 x reactance) [14].”
InfluentialPalmas-Candia, F. X., Ricart, M., Lluch, A., Mucarzel, F., Cartiel, R., Zabalegui, A., Barrera, E., Rosón, N., Rodríguez-Martínez, A., Espín, E., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17142264 · Cited by 6
“Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) was estimated using the equations proposed by Sergi et al. [31] for patients over 60 years of age and by Kyle et al. [32] for those aged 60 or younger, and was used as an indicator of low muscle mass. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the GLIM criteria.”
Gómez, J. J. L., Ramos-Bachiller, B., Primo, D., Calleja‐Fernández, A., Izaola-Jáuregui, O., Jiménez-Sahagún, R., González-Gutiérrez, J., Andrés, E. L., Fuentes, P. P., Pacheco, D., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010106 · Cited by 5
“We calculated the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) by Sergi Formula: − 3.964 + (0.227 × RI) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.384 × sex) + (0.064 × Z), with an RI resistivity index (sex: Male = 1; Female = 0) [21].”
InfluentialLionetti, E., Duggan, E., & Romero‐Ortuño, R. (2024) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-09-010 · Cited by 5
“We calculated ASMM (kg) by applying Sergi’s formula 16 , as described elsewhere 17 .”
MethodSantos, H. O., Limirio, L. S., dos Reis, A. S., et al. (2022) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01705-1 · Cited by 5
“’s equation [34], whose formula is not endorsed for KTPs.”
BackgroundSWAF: Smart Wheelchair for Fall Risk Assessment
Chu, E. T.-H., & Chen, K. (2022) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102694 · Cited by 5
Sugizaki, C. S. D. A., Rodrigues, H. C. N., Ivo, J. F. M., Freitas, A. T. V. D. S., Stringhini, M. L. F., de Paiva, S. A. R., Minicucci, M. F., Peixoto, M. D. R. G., & Costa, N. A. (2022) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-022-00171-x · Cited by 5
“The appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI) was calculated by dividing the appendicular muscle mass (kg) by the squared height (m2) [26].”
Witham, M. D., Adamson, S., Avenell, A., Band, M. M., Bashir, T., Donnan, P. T., Casella, G., Hapca, A., Hume, C., Kemp, P. R., et al. (2022) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/llbx6901 · Cited by 5
Haigis, D., Wagner, S., Thiel, A., Niess, A. M., & the BaSAlt study team (2023) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-023-00780-3 · Cited by 5
“The determination of the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) with gender-specific cut-off values are recommended by the EWGSOP2 as a muscle quantity measurement [3, 14].”
MethodBody Composition and Physical Performance 1 Year After COVID-19
Peball, M., Rass, V., Valent, D., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002314 · Cited by 5
“21 Low ASM index (ASMI, ASM/height 2 ; in kilograms per meter squared) was defined conservatively using the cutoffs recommended by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2019 (i.e., EWGSOP2; ASMI <7.0 kg/m 2 for males, <5.5 kg/m 2 for females).”
MethodInfluentialEvaluation of sarcopenia and phase angle in elderly patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Yılmaz, M., Altınok, Y. A., Seyidoglu, D., Acarer, A., Bozkurt, D., Savaş, S., Saraç, F., & Akçiçek, F. (2024) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2024.2310180 · Cited by 5
Gómez, J. J. L., Izaola-Jáuregui, O., Primo, D., Hoyos, E. G., Torres-Torres, B., Jiménez-Sahagún, R., Pérez-López, P., & de Luis, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105896 · Cited by 5
Duggan, E., Knight, S. P., Feng, X., & Romero‐Ortuño, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010018 · Cited by 5
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was estimated using the Sergi equation [20].”
MethodDie aktuelle Sarkopenie-Definition
Ferrari, U., & Drey, M. (2020) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-0986-2818 · Cited by 5
“[12] Sergi G, De Rui M, Veronese N et al.”
BackgroundAlqahtani, B. A., Alenazi, A. M., Alshehri, M. M., Alhowimel, A., Alharbi, B. A., & Alhwoaimel, N. A. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06349-y · Cited by 6
Biersteker, E. J. M., van den Helder, J., van der Spek, N., Holwerda, M., Kruizenga, H. M., Weijs, P. J. M., & Tieland, M. (2025) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100584 · Cited by 4
Churilov, I., Churilov, L. P., Brock, K. A., Curtain, N., Murphy, D., Muthukrishnan, K., MacIsaac, R. J., & Ekinci, E. I. (2020) · JCSM Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/rco2.25 · Cited by 4
“Muscle mass was estimated from the resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) measured at 50 kHz according to the equation of Sergi et al.20: Musclemass ¼ 3:964þ 0:227 height2=R þ 0:095 weightþ 1:384 gender þ 0:064 Xc; where muscle mass is in kilograms, height is in centimetres, R is in ohms, age is in years, and gender is 0 f…”
MethodChurilov, I., Churilov, L. P., Brock, K. A., Murphy, D., MacIsaac, R. J., & Ekinci, E. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2021.692896 · Cited by 4
“Acute sarcopenia is defined by EWGSOP as lasting for <6 months, usually develops in response to an acute illness, and is often associated with hospitalization, developing in response to the combination of muscle disuse and acute inflammatory burden (12, 24).”
BackgroundWasting syndrome and associated factors in hospitalized older people
dos Santos, R. C. B., do Nascimento, S. B., Mendes, T. D. S. R., Santos, L. S., de Lemos, M. D. C. C., & Pinho, C. P. S. (2022) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.111985 · Cited by 4
Haigis, D., Wagner, S., Sudeck, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-07-199 · Cited by 4
Wiedmaier-Barros, J., Higueras‐Fresnillo, S., Sadarangani, K. P., & Martínez-Gómez, D. (2024) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112511 · Cited by 4
“Despite the value of the appendicular portion of the SMM is important to know because its decrease is associated with disability (Sergi et al., 2015), we couldn ’ t estimate it because the BIA equipment used in this study delivered a unique data about the whole-body resistance and not different…”
Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Romejko, K., Szamotulska, K., Rymarz, A., & Niemczyk, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13216448 · Cited by 4
Connolly, K., Cunningham, C. J., Murphy, N., Romero‐Ortuño, R., & Horgan, F. (2021) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-06-098 · Cited by 4
Nutritional status and dynapenia in people living with Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional study
de Medeiros, L. C., da Luz, M. C. L., Pereira, J. P. D. C., et al. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05677-2 · Cited by 4
健, 山. (2019) · The Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION · doi:10.11638/jssmn.53.4_123 · Cited by 5
Exploration of mitochondrial defects in sarcopenic hip fracture patients
Hintze, S., Baber, L., Hofmeister, F., Jarmusch, S., Todorow, V., Mehaffey, S., Tanganelli, F., Ferrari, U., Neuerburg, C., Teupser, D., et al. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11143 · Cited by 3
Establishing Predictors of Acute Sarcopenia: A Proof-Of-Concept Study Utilising Network Analysis
Welch, C., Bravo, L., Gkoutos, G. V., Greig, C. A., Lewis, D., Lord, J. M., Majid, Z., Masud, T., McGee, K. C., Moorey, H. C., et al. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0167 · Cited by 4
“Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) was estimated according to the Sergi [13] and Janssen [14] equations.”
Churilov, I., Churilov, L. P., Brock, K. A., Murphy, D., MacIsaac, R. J., & Ekinci, E. I. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa878 · Cited by 4
Sarkopenie, körperliche Aktivität und sedentäres Verhalten von Pflegeheimbewohnenden in Deutschland
Haigis, D., Wagner, S., Pomiersky, R., et al. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-023-02275-z · Cited by 3
Silleras, B. D. M., Ortega, S. B., Enciso, L. C., Marcos, S. D. L. C., & del Río, P. R. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16081116 · Cited by 4
“…body compartments were estimated: fat-free mass (FFM) using the model of Kyle et al. [28] and its reference values for the European Caucasian population [44]; and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), using the Janssen equation [45] and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), using the model of Sergi [46].”
MethodPigłowska, M., Corsonello, A., Kostka, T., Roller‐Wirnsberger, R., Wirnsberger, G. H., Ärnlöv, J., Carlsson, A. C., Tap, L., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Formiga, F., et al. (2024) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100386 · Cited by 4
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) was estimated as recommended by the EWGSOP2 consensus using the Sergi et al. equation [30] A decision was made to apply no adjustment for body size to ASMM measures in the algorithm, as also contemplated in the consensus.”
Zehnder, R., Schimmel, M., Meyer, L., Kömeda, M., Limacher, A., & Stuck, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051603 · Cited by 3
Oral Function as a Predictor of Skeletal Muscle Mass Decline in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Lee, J., Chun, A., Bae, Y., & Kim, H. (2025) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.70027 · Cited by 3
“All assessments were conducted by trained personnel under controlled conditions to minimise interobserver variability [24, 25].”
Schilling, R., Schmidt, S., Schlag, E., Niessner, C., Wöll, A., & Fiedler, J. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70066 · Cited by 4
“The validity of estimating fat mass lies between r = 0.88 (reference: air displacement plethysmography (Von Hurst et al. 2016)); and r = 0.92 (reference: DXA; (Von Hurst et al. 2016)).”
InfluentialGómez, J. J. L., González-Gutiérrez, J., Pérez-López, P., Izaola-Jáuregui, O., Cebriá, Á., Asensio, L. E., Primo, D., Saavedra-Vasquez, M. A., Ramos-Bachiller, B., Rico, D., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203208 · Cited by 4
“Appendicular muscle index (ASMI) was then calculated using Sergi’s formula [22].”
Zoico, E., Urbani, S., Giani, A., Fantin, F., Gavras, A., Batsis, J. A., Micciolo, R., & Zamboni, M. (2026) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70312 · Cited by 4
“Appendicular Skeletal muscle Mass (ASM) was calculated using the equation by Sergi and colleagues [26] and the EWGSOP2 cut-off points used [24].”
Prevalencia de sarcopenia en pacientes mayores de 75 años ingresados por fractura de cadera
Cervera-Díaz, M. D. C., Gómez, J. J. L., García-Virto, V., Hernández, H. J., & de Luis, D. A. (2022) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2022.03.011 · Cited by 3
Welch, C., Greig, C. A., Lewis, D., Majid, Z., Masud, T., Moorey, H. C., Pinkney, T. D., Stanley, B., & Jackson, T. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2023.2259335 · Cited by 3
Arm muscle area is correlated to handgrip strength in postmenopausal women
Álvarez-Córdova, L. R., Artacho, R., Chedraui, P., Arteaga-Pazmiño, C., Sánchez-Briones, M., & Ruiz-López, M. D. (2024) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2024.2420937 · Cited by 3
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was calculated using the Sergi formula [31] and expressed in kg. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was calculated as appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by the square of height.”
Abreu, F., Rodrigues, A., & Baptista, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1542188 · Cited by 3
Bidirectional association of daily steps with sarcopenia: a longitudinal study
Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Li, C., Wei, J., Lei, G., & Zeng, C. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2537353 · Cited by 3
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was calculated using Sergi’s equation and further adjusted based on the individuals’ height [18].”
Annunziata, G., Frías-Toral, E., Campa, F., Bonifaz, M. A. T., Verde, L., Galasso, M., Savastano, S., Colao, A. A. L., Paoli, A., Simancas‐Racines, D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1673677 · Cited by 3
Serrano, N. C., Arnal‐Gómez, A., Tinaut, L. A., & Iranzo, M. À. C. I. (2023) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.13050 · Cited by 4
“The appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured with bioimpedance analysis using the Bodystat ® 1500MDD (Bodystat Ltd., Douglas, UK) and Sergi's bioimpedance analysis equation (Sergi et al., 2015).”
Prognostic Features of Sarcopenia in Older Hospitalized Patients: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study
Ferring, A., Mück, L., Stegemann, J., Wiebe, L., Becker, I., Benzing, T. R., Meyer, A. M., & Polidori, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13113116 · Cited by 3
“For a valid estimation of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM), the equation created by Sergie et al. was used: ASMM (kg) = − 3.964 + (0.227 × (height 2 /Resistance)) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.384 × sex (with m = 1; f = 0)) + (0.064 × Reactance) [22].”
MethodInfluentialRomejko, K., Szamotulska, K., Rymarz, A., Tomasz, R., & Niemczyk, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1380026 · Cited by 3
Ruiz-Cárdenas, J. D., Rodríguez-Juan, J. J., Martínez-García, M. D. M., & Montemurro, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13174988 · Cited by 3
“These values were introduced in Sergi’s validated equation to estimate ALM [26].”
MethodRittweger, J., Sies, W., Capri, M., & Pesta, D. H. (2024) · Translational Exercise Biomedicine · doi:10.1515/teb-2024-0021 · Cited by 2
“Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) was computed from the BIA data following Sergi ’ s equation [28], and the ASMM-index was computed analogous to BMI as ASMM/mass 2 .”
González-Franco, L. R., González-Arellanes, R., Torres, M. R., & Alemán-Mateo, H. (2020) · Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición · doi:10.37527/2020.70.1.004 · Cited by 4
Júnior, J. R. A. D. Q., Pereira, J. P. D. C., Benjamim, R. D. A. C., da Silva, N. O. L., Silva, M. E. D. P., & Pinho, C. P. S. (2023) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-023-00792-z · Cited by 3
“The measurements of resistance and reactance were obtained from Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA), using portable equipment from the brand Biodynamics®, model 450, which applies a current of 800 μA, with a simple frequency of 50 kHz according to evidenced techniques [15].”
BackgroundMethodHaigis, D., Pomiersky, R., Altmeier, D., et al. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6030069 · Cited by 3
“SARC-F [17] Questionnaire for subjective self-assessment to determine sarcopenia HFM [18] Measurement of maximum hand force by isometric test (in kg) BIA [19] Measurement of ASMM (in kg) and SMI (in kg/m2) with BIA”
MethodInfluentialVieira, T. S., Limirio, L. S., & de Oliveira, E. P. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.09.007 · Cited by 2
Ribeiro, G. D. M., Nehme, R., Mendonça, M. E. D. F., Morais, D. M., Limirio, L. S., & de Oliveira, E. P. (2025) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-025-04496-0 · Cited by 2
“Appendic-ular muscle mass (AMM) was estimated using the equation developed by Sergi et al. [14], and the appendicular muscle mass index (AMMI) was calculated by dividing AMM (kg) by height squared (m 2 ) [4].”
Arraes, L. C. M., dos Santos, A. C. O., Silva, M. P. O. E., & de Araújo, P. S. R. (2025) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2025.2488875 · Cited by 2
“…weight) + (1.909 × sex (man = 1, woman = 0)) + ( − 0.012 × age) + (0.058 × reactance) (Kyle et al., 2003) and, in those over 60 years of age, con fi rmed with the Sergi equation − 3.964 + (0.227 × height 2 /resistance) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.384 × gender) + (0.064 × reactance) (Sergi et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSo Youn, L. E. E., Sun, H. Y., Bae, S. H., Ju Yeon, S. O. N., & Yoo, B. W. (2025) · Daehan imsang geon-gang jeungjin hakoeji/Daehan imsang geon'gang jeungjin haghoeji · doi:10.15384/kjhp.2025.00066 · Cited by 2
Gómez, J. J. L., González-Gutiérrez, J., Jáuregui, O. I., Cebriá, Á., Asensio, L., Primo, D., Fernández-Velasco, P., Pérez-López, P., Sahagún, R. J., Bargués, D. R., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.07.1134 · Cited by 2
The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in a German geriatric day clinic
Habboub, B., Oludowole, E., Speer, R., Masuch, J., Berger, U., Gosch, M., & Singler, K. (2025) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.1016/j.tjfa.2025.100072 · Cited by 2
“The appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was calculated using the cross validated regression equation from Sergi et al. [11].”
Soare, M. M., Gáspárik, A. I., Popoviciu, H. V., & Pascanu, I. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186531 · Cited by 2
“To estimate appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), the equation by Sergei et al. was used [16]: ASM (kg) = − 3.964 + (0.227 × RI) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.384 × sex) + (0.064 × Xc).”
InfluentialLavriša, Ž., Hristov, H., Hren, N., Krušič, S., Gregorič, N., & Pravst, I. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf290 · Cited by 2
“…spectroscopy with a Bodystat Multiscan 5000 (Bodystat, Isle of Man, Ireland); fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass were calculated via Deurenberg et al. ’s equation [20], and appendicular skeletal muscle mass using Sergi et al. ’s equation [21] (cut-offs: < 20 kg for males, < 15 kg for females) [19].”
Cano, A., Ventura, L., Catte, M. G., Castiglia, E., Sanna, J., Martinez, G., Oneto, C., Loi, N., Ginatempo, F., Manca, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1683856 · Cited by 2
Survival of patients after a hip fracture: Influence of previous nutritional status on outcomes
Cervera-Díaz, M. C., Gómez, J. J. L., Aguado-Hernández, H. J., et al. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.102897 · Cited by 2
Cognitive Sarcopenia: Prevalence and the Risk for Mortality and Healthy Aging in the KORA‐Age Study
Huemer, M., Thorand, B., Grill, E., Schwettmann, L., & Peters, A. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70201 · Cited by 2
“S (DATA-INPUT GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) using the equation by Sergi et al. [19] as recommended by the EWGSOP [3].”
Nakagata, T., Yamada, Y., Tabata, H., Someya, Y., Kaga, H., Kawamori, R., Watada, H., & Tamura, Y. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102961 · Cited by 3
Leal, C. C., Melo, D. D. A., dos Santos, A. M., et al. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2025-0083en · Cited by 2
The High Precision of Functional and Neuromuscular Measures to Classify Sarcopenia in Older Women
Miller, R. M., Freitas, E. D. S., Heishman, A. D., Stone, B. L., & Bemben, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000219 · Cited by 2
Mesa, E. M., Llanos, J. P. S., Martín, P. M. A., Negrín, C. B., Ascanio, M. G., González, S. G., & de Segura, I. L. G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010014 · Cited by 3
“Raw measurements produced by the device were used along with the Sergi equation for ASM estimation in elderly patients (>65 years) [21] and the Kyle equation in patients between 18 and 65 years [22].”
MethodMontemurro, A., Rodríguez-Juan, J. J., Martínez-García, M. D. M., et al. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241232878 · Cited by 2
“1,29 Last, the index test was associated with adverse health-related outcomes, but these outcomes were recorded in the form of self-reported questionnaire, and the cross-sectional nature of the study design do not allow causal relationship among variables.”
BackgroundSpoladore, D., Colombo, V. M., Fumagalli, A., Tosi, M., Lorenzini, E. C., & Sacco, M. (2024) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/50980 · Cited by 4
“The first one was the appendicular skeletal muscular mass, which is calculated according to the work by Sergi et al [45]: (2) Appendicular skeletal muscular mass and other indicators allow for the classification of patients’sarcopenic condition according to the 3 criteria in Table 4 [46].”
Methodde Luis, D. A., Cebriá, Á., Primo, D., Izaola, O., Godoy, E. J., & Gómez, J. J. L. (2025) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2025.112763 · Cited by 4
Central and peripheral arterial stiffness and sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults
Fantin, F., Paolaz, S. N., Giani, A., Mattachini, E., Zoico, E., & Zamboni, M. M. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03122-4 · Cited by 3
“The appen-dicular skeletal mass (ASM) was calculated using the raw measurements applied to the Sergi equation [ 29].”
Doorenbos, C. S. E., Post, A., Stegmann, M., Franssen, C. F. M., Dullaart, R. P. F., Navis, G., Connelly, M. A., & Bakker, S. J. L. (2025) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70110 · Cited by 2
“…analyses, we investigated associations with mortality of intramuscular creatine based on different equations for muscle mass (equations of Sergi et al. 2015 and Kyle et al. 2003 29,30 ), intramuscular creatine without high and low outliers, intramuscular creatine as measured in the first…”
Barnes, K. S., Smeed, B., Taylor, R., Hood, V., Brooke-Wavell, K. S. F., Slee, A., Ryg, J., & Masud, T. (2018) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-03-128 · Cited by 2
“An example of this is the recent study by Sergi et al. where a new BIA equation was developed for older people using DXA as a reference 18 .”
The importance of body composition assessment in the rehabilitation process
Murgoci, N. (2021) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2021.463 · Cited by 2
Schmidt, S., Sell, S., & Wöll, A. (2022) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/25886 · Cited by 2
“96, the validity of estimating BCM versus dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is high [44].”
BackgroundBerg, H. B., Alavi, D. H., Beichmann, B., Pesonen, M., Henriksen, C., Paur, I., Bøhn, S. K., Lauritzen, P. M., Blomhoff, R., & Henriksen, H. B. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.01.001 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Sergi, G., De Rui, M., Veronese, N., Bolzetta, F., Berton, L., Carraro, S., Bano, G., Coin, A., Manzato, E., & Perissinotto, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 667-673
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149295929
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- appendicular skeletal muscle mass, bioelectrical impedance analysis, prediction equations, older adults, aging, muscle mass assessment, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Caucasian population
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Body Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Electric Impedance, Muscle, Skeletal, White People
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