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Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults
Abstract
Background & aims Aging is characterized by a loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) leading to physical disability and death. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is reliable in estimating ASMM but no prediction equations are available for elderly Caucasian subjects. The aim of the study was to develop and validate an equation derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) in healthy Caucasian elderly subjects, taking dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method, and comparing the reliability of the new equation with another BIA-based model developed by Kyle et al. (Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Pichard C, 2003).Methods With a cross-sectional design, 296 free-living, healthy Caucasian subjects (117 men, 179 women) over 60 years of age were enrolled. Lean mass of limbs was measured with DXA to ascertain ASMM (ASMMDxA). Whole-body tetrapolar BIA was performed to measure resistance (Rz), resistance normalized for stature (RI), and reactance (Xc). The BIA multiple regression equation for predicting ASMM was developed using a double cross-validation technique. The predicted ASMM values were compared with ASMMKyle, i.e. ASMM estimates derived from the model developed by Kyle et al. (Kyle et al., 2003).Results Cross-validation resulted in a unique equation using the whole sample: ASMM (kg) = -3.964 + (0.227*RI) + (0.095*weight) + (1.384*sex) + (0.064*Xc) [R(2) = 0.92 and SEE = 1.14 kg]. In our sample, ASMMKyle differed significantly from the ASMMDxA (p < 0.0001), with a mean error of -0.97 ± 1.34 kg (5.1 ± 6.9%). Unlike the present BIA prediction equation, the Kyle et al. model showed a correlation between the bias and the mean of ASMMDxA and ASMMKyle (r = -0.406, p < 0.001).Conclusion The new BIA equation provides a valid estimate of ASMM in older Caucasian adults.
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“No generalizable formulas exist that are derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for predicting appendicular lean mass (ALM) and fat mass (AFM) in sarcopenic older adults.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Only 5% had an SPPB-score 8 in the former compared to 62% in our study.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The functionality of the subjects in Sergi's sample was substantially higher compared to the physical performance in our sample.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The existing models of Kyle et al. [12] and of Sergi et al. [13] overestimated significantly lean-DXA outcome.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The proposed ALM equations seem to be more reliable when applied to sarcopenic older adults than the ones previously published in the literature [12,13], which were developed in adults without physical function decline.”
From Predicting appendicular lean and fat mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with physical function decline – The PROVIDE study (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
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2 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169 · Cited by 13,818
“Since estimates of muscle mass differ when different instrument brands and reference populations are used, we advise use of raw measures produced by the different devices along with the cross-validated Sergi equation for standardisation [74, 76].”
MethodSergi, G., De Rui, M., Stubbs, B., Veronese, N., & Manzato, E. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0622-6 · Cited by 291
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Lee, S. Y., Ahn, S., Kim, Y. J., Ji, M. J., Kim, K. M., Choi, S. H., Jang, H. C., & Lim, S. K. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060738 · Cited by 191
“However, most studies were conducted with subjects of European origin [16,17].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sergi, G., De Rui, M., Veronese, N., Bolzetta, F., Berton, L., Carraro, S., Bano, G., Coin, A., Manzato, E., & Perissinotto, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 667-673
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149295929
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- appendicular skeletal muscle mass, bioelectrical impedance analysis, prediction equations, older adults, aging, muscle mass assessment, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Caucasian population
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Body Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Electric Impedance, Muscle, Skeletal, White People
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