Accuracy of a predictive bioelectrical impedance analysis equation for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in a non-Caucasian sample of older people
Abstract
Objective To design and validate a predictive BIA equation to estimate ASM in a sample of non-Caucasian older people and to explore the accuracy of two previous single-frequency BIA published equations.Method This is a cross-sectional study in 213 physically-independent and apparently healthy older men and women subjects from a central region of Mexico. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry, resistance, reactance, and other independent predictive variables were assessed. The total sample was randomized and split into two sub-samples: one group for the development of the predictive single-frequency BIA equation and the other for its validation. The equation was derived by step-wise regression, the goodness of fit was assessed by the highest determination coefficient (R(2)) and precision by the lowest root mean square error. In the validation sample, the accuracy of the new and the published BIA equations was tested by pure error. In addition, Bland and Altman analysis tested the bias.Results The selected model had a R(2) of 0.91 and a RMSE of 1.01 kg and fulfilled every regression assumption. The predictive variables included were: Ht(2)/R, sex, and body weight. The new BIA equation showed a PE close to RMSE of the estimate with no significant bias. The published BIA equations proved to be inaccurate and had significant bias.Conclusions This new single-frequency BIA-derived equation was precise, accurate and free of bias. Published BIA equations to estimate ASM should not be used indistinctly in other ethnic groups without validation.
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Risk of bias was unclear in six studies.
“Risk of bias was high in two [34, 35] and unclear in six [36–41] studies due to the low to moderate (R2 < 80%) coefficient of determination (R2) resulted from the multiple regression models.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Out of the 26 available equations for elderly, 23 were developed with foot-to-hand technology.
“Out of the 26 available equations, 23 were developed with foot to hand technology [36, 38, 46, 49, 53, 63, 67, 89–93, 95, 97], while three equations were developed using segmental technology [68, 94].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The selected elderly studies encompassed Central and Southern American, European, and Asian male and female participants.
“The selected studies encompassed Central[36, 38, 49] and Southern American [46, 67], European [53, 63, 89–91, 93, 95, 97], and Asian [68, 94] male and female participants.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Concerning foot-to-hand technology for elderly, thirteen equations are suitable for both sexes.
“Concerning foot-to-hand technology, three predictive equations were suitable for males [36, 49, 53] and four for females only [36, 49, 53, 97], while thirteen equations suitable for both sexes [38, 46, 63, 67, 89–93, 95].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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Agurto-García, R. A., Nuñez-del-Arco, E. S., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Miranda, J. J., & Bernabé‐Ortiz, A. (2025) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23077.5
Zhou, T., Ye, J., Luo, L., Wang, W., Feng, S., Dong, Z., Zhuo, S., & Zhong, B. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24873000
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Aric, M., Meltem, E., Adiyaman, Z., & Alagöz, S. (2026) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1093/joneph/aajag120
- Authors
- Rangel Peniche, D. B., Raya Giorguli, G., & Alemán-Mateo, H.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (MX)
- Venue
- Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-43
- ISSN
- 0167-4943 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967747866
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, older adults, non-Caucasian populations, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Body Composition, Body Weight, Chile, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Absorptiometry, Photon, Electric Impedance, Muscle, Skeletal, Young Adult
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