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Cited by 468Nutritional Studies and DietAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactNutrition and Health Studies

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Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence

Open access
Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia, Halloran, Afton, Rippin, Holly L., Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina, Dardavesis, Theodoros I., Williams, Julianne, Wickramasinghe, Kremlin, Breda, Joao, Chourdakis, Michail·2021·Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
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Abstract

Background: Vegan diets, where animal-and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade.However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature.This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro-and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types.Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B 2 , Niacin (B 3 ), B 12 , D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium.Vitamin B 12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24e0.49mg, recommendations are 2.4 mg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d).No significant differences in fat intake were observed.Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B 1 , В 6 , C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B 12 , zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded.However, low micro-and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments.Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.

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Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Salvador, 2019, vol. 11
  2. Allen, 2002, 11, 1441
  3. Brantsaeter, 2018, vol. 10
  4. Sanna, 2018, vol. 10
  5. Chen, 2018, Plant versus animal based diets and insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, Rotterdam Study, 33, 883
  6. Matta, 2018, vol. 10
  7. Malta, 2018, vol. 20, 1654
  8. Gorman-Mcadams M. Discovering Vegan Wine, 2011, What! Isn’t All Wine Vegan?, Kitchn

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Metadata

Authors
Bakaloudi, D. R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H. L., Oikonomidou, A. C., Dardavesis, T. I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., & Chourdakis, M.
Affiliations
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (DK)
Corresponding author
  • Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia
  • Halloran, Afton
  • Rippin, Holly L.
  • Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina
  • Dardavesis, Theodoros I.
  • Williams, Julianne
  • Wickramasinghe, Kremlin
  • Chourdakis, Michail
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-05
Volume
40
Issue
5
Pages
3503-3521
ISSN
0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
OpenAlex
W3112845174
Cited by
466
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 72 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 19
FWCI
7.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
World Health Organization
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords
vegan diet, nutritional adequacy, micronutrient intake, macronutrient intake, vitamin B12 deficiency, calcium intake, zinc, selenium, dietary fat, glycemic load, dietary deficiency, European populations
MeSH terms
Diet, Vegan, Nutrients, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritive Value, Vitamins, Young Adult

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