Long-Term Cold Adaptation Does Not Require FGF21 or UCP1
Open accessAbstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-dependent thermogenesis and its suggested augmenting hormone, FGF21, are potential therapeutic targets in current obesity and diabetes research. Here, we studied the role of UCP1 and FGF21 for metabolic homeostasis in the cold and dissected underlying molecular mechanisms using UCP1-FGF21 double-knockout mice. We report that neither UCP1 nor FGF21, nor even compensatory increases of FGF21 serum levels in UCP1 knockout mice, are required for defense of body temperature or for maintenance of energy metabolism and body weight. Remarkably, cold-induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) is FGF21 independent. Global RNA sequencing reveals major changes in response to UCP1- but not FGF21-ablation in BAT, iWAT, and muscle. Markers of mitochondrial failure and inflammation are observed in BAT, but in particular the enhanced metabolic reprogramming in iWAT supports the thermogenic role of UCP1 and excludes an important thermogenic role of endogenous FGF21 in normal cold acclimation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
FGF21 is dispensable for adaptive thermogenesis during chronic cold exposure.
“During chronic cold exposure, however, FGF21 is dispensable for adaptive thermogenesis (60).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
Recent research demonstrates that UCP1 is not essential for non-shivering thermogenesis.
“However, recent research demonstrates that UCP1 is not essential for non‐shivering thermogenesis 93, 99, 100.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
Others have shown that the lack of FGF21 in long-term cold adaptation does not impair the thermogenic response of mice.
“However, others have shown that the lack of FGF21 in long‐term cold adaptation does not impair the thermogenic response of mice 93.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2
Love, M. I., Huber, W., & Anders, S. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 · Cited by 95,106 · see citing works
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709 · see citing works
HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data
Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., & Huber, W. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu638 · Cited by 21,464 · see citing works
ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis
Wickham, H. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3 · Cited by 14,447 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
CANNON, B., & NEDERGAARD, J. (2004) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 · Cited by 6,433 · see citing works
FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator
Kharitonenkov, A., Shiyanova, T. L., Koester, A., Ford, A. M., Micanovic, R., Galbreath, E. J., Sandusky, G. E., Hammond, L. J., Moyers, J. S., Owens, R. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23606 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans
Nedergaard, J., Bengtsson, T., & Cannon, B. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006 · Cited by 1,824 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance
Bartelt, A., Bruns, O. T., Reimer, R., Hohenberg, H., Ittrich, H., Peldschus, K., Kaul, M. G., Tromsdorf, U. I., Weller, H., Waurisch, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2297 · Cited by 1,608 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, through specific lipid clearance by brown and beige adipose tissue (Bartelt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInagaki, T., Dutchak, P., Zhao, G., Ding, X., Gautron, L., Parameswara, V., Li, Y., Goetz, R., Mohammadi, M., Esser, V., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.05.003 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
FGF21 regulates PGC-1α and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis
Fisher, F. M., Kleiner, S., Douris, N., Fox, E. C., Mepani, R. J., Verdeguer, F., Wu, J., Kharitonenkov, A., Flier, J. S., Maratos-Flier, E., et al. (2012) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.177857.111 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Corrects Obesity in Mice
Coskun, T., Bina, H. A., Schneider, M. A., Dunbar, J. D., Hu, C. C., Chen, Y., Moller, D. E., & Kharitonenkov, A. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0816 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans
Lee, P., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Brychta, R. J., Wang, J., Idelson, C., Perron, R. M., Werner, C. D., Phan, G. Q., Kammula, U. S., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
A Creatine-Driven Substrate Cycle Enhances Energy Expenditure and Thermogenesis in Beige Fat
Kazak, L., Chouchani, E. T., Jedrychowski, M. P., Erickson, B. K., Shinoda, K., Cohen, P., Vetrivelan, R., Lu, G. Z., Laznik-Bogoslavski, D., Hasenfuss, S. C., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.035 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-α and PGC-1
Haemmerle, G., Moustafa, T., Wölkart, G., Büttner, S., Schmidt, A. G., van de Weijer, T., Hesselink, M. K. C., Jaeger, D., Kienesberger, P. C., Zierler, K. A., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2439 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
The metabolic state of diabetic monkeys is regulated by fibroblast growth factor-21
Kharitonenkov, A., Wroblewski, V. J., Koester, A., Chen, Y.-F., Clutinger, C. K., Tigno, X. T., Hansen, B. C., Shanafelt, A. B., & Etgen, G. J. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-1168 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
UCP1 in Brite/Beige Adipose Tissue Mitochondria Is Functionally Thermogenic
Shabalina, I. G., Petrovič, N., de Jong, J. M. A., Kalinovich, A., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.044 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Thermogenic Activation Induces FGF21 Expression and Release in Brown Adipose Tissue
Hondares, E., Iglesias, R., Giralt, A., Gonzalez, F. J., Giralt, M., Mampel, T., & Villarroya, F. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.215889 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Only UCP1 can mediate adaptive nonshivering thermogenesis in the cold
Golozoubova, V., Hohtola, E., Matthias, A., Jacobsson, A., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2001) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.00-0536fje · Cited by 503 · see citing works
The adipose organ of obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice is composed of mixed white and brown adipocytes
Vitali, A., Murano, I., Zingaretti, M. C., Frontini, A., Ricquier, D., & Cinti, S. (2012) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m018846 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
A futile metabolic cycle activated in adipocytes by antidiabetic agents
Guan, H.-P., Li, Y., Jensen, M. V., Newgard, C. B., Steppan, C. M., & Lazar, M. A. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm780 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Brown-fat paucity due to impaired BMP signalling induces compensatory browning of white fat
Schulz, T. J., Huang, P. C., Huang, T. L., Xue, R., McDougall, L. E., Townsend, K. L., Cypess, A. M., Mishina, Y. M., Gussoni, E., & Tseng, Y. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11943 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Deficient Mice Demonstrate Impaired Adaptation to Ketosis
Badman, M. K., Koester, A., Flier, J. S., Kharitonenkov, A., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0532 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hotta, Y., Nakamura, H., Konishi, M., Murata, Y., Takagi, H., Matsumura, S., Inoue, K., Fushiki, T., & Itoh, N. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0119 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Impact of brown adipose tissue on body fatness and glucose metabolism in healthy humans
Matsushita, M., Yoneshiro, T., Aita, S., Kameya, T., Sugie, H., & Saito, M. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.206 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Caloric Restriction Leads to Browning of White Adipose Tissue through Type 2 Immune Signaling
Fabbiano, S., Suárez-Zamorano, N., Rigo, D., Veyrat‐Durebex, C., Đokić, A., Colin, D., & Trajkovski, M. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.023 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
UCP1-independent Thermogenesis in White Adipose Tissue of Cold-acclimated Ucp1 -/- Mice
Ukropec, J., Anunciado, R. V. P., Ravussin, Y., Hulver, M. W., & Kozak, L. P. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m606114200 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Mottillo, E. P., Balasubramanian, P., Lee, Y., Weng, C., Kershaw, E. E., & Granneman, J. G. (2014) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m050005 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Secreted Enzyme PM20D1 Regulates Lipidated Amino Acid Uncouplers of Mitochondria
Long, J. Z., Svensson, K. J., Bateman, L. A., Lin, H., Kamenecka, T., Lokurkar, I. A., Lou, J., Rao, R. R., Chang, M. R., Jedrychowski, M. P., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.071 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Tissue Responds to Cold and Adrenergic Stimulation by Induction of FGF21
Chartoumpekis, D. V., Habeos, I. G., Ziros, P. G., Psyrogiannis, A. I., Kyriazopoulou, V. E., & Papavassiliou, A. G. (2011) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2011.00075 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Bertholet, A. M., Kazak, L., Chouchani, E. T., Bogaczyńska, M. G., Paranjpe, I., Wainwright, G. L., Bétourné, A., Kajimura, S., Spiegelman, B. M., & Kirichok, Y. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.002 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
White adipose tissue contributes to UCP1-independent thermogenesis
Granneman, J. G., Burnazi, M., Zhu, Z., & Schwamb, L. A. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00197.2003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Kazak, L., Chouchani, E. T., Stavrovskaya, I. G., Lu, G. Z., Jedrychowski, M. P., Egan, D. F., Kumari, M., Kong, X., Erickson, B. K., Szpyt, J., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1705406114 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Adaptive thermogenesis and thermal conductance in wild-type and UCP1-KO mice
Meyer, C. W., Willershäuser, M., Jastroch, M., Rourke, B. C., Fromme, T., Oelkrug, R., Heldmaier, G., & Klingenspor, M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00021.2009 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrete Aspects of FGF21 In Vivo Pharmacology Do Not Require UCP1
Samms, R. J., Smith, D. P., Cheng, C. C., Antonellis, P. P., Perfield, J. W., Kharitonenkov, A., Gimeno, R. E., & Adams, A. C. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.046 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Rohm, M., Schäfer, M., Laurent, V., Üstünel, B. E., Niopek, K., Algire, C., Hautzinger, O., Sijmonsma, T., Zota, A., Medříková, D., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4171 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Lee, P., Brychta, R. J., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Chen, K. Y., & Celi, F. S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3107 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Serum FGF21 levels are associated with brown adipose tissue activity in humans
Hanssen, M. J. W., Broeders, E. P. M., Samms, R. J., Vosselman, M. J., van der Lans, A. A. J. J., Cheng, C., Adams, A. C., Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M., & Schrauwen, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10275 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Brite/beige fat and UCP1 — is it thermogenesis?
Keipert, S., & Jastroch, M. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationShabalina, I. G., Joris Hoeks, J., Kramarova, T. V., Schrauwen, P., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.033 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Uncoupling Protein 1 Decreases Superoxide Production in Brown Adipose Tissue Mitochondria
Oelkrug, R., Kutschke, M., Meyer, C. W., Heldmaier, G., & Jastroch, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.122861 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationStier, A., Bize, P., Habold, C., Bouillaud, F., Massemin, S., & Criscuolo, F. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.092700 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Keipert, S., Kutschke, M., Lamp, D., Brachthäuser, L., Neff, F., Meyer, C. W., Oelkrug, R., Kharitonenkov, A., & Jastroch, M. (2015) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.04.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationNonshivering thermogenesis protects against defective calcium handling in muscle
Aydin, J., Shabalina, I. G., Place, N., Reiken, S. R., Zhang, S., Bellinger, A. M., Nedergaard, J., Cannon, B., Marks, A. R., Bruton, J. D., et al. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-113712 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Muscle mitochondrial stress adaptation operates independently of endogenous FGF21 action
Ost, M., Coleman, V., Voigt, A., van Schothorst, E. M., Keipert, S., van der Stelt, I., Ringel, S., Graja, A., Ambrosi, T., Kipp, A. P., et al. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationJastroch, M., Hirschberg, V., & Klingenspor, M. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.05.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationStier, A., Bize, P., Habold, C., Bouillaud, F., Massemin, S., & Criscuolo, F. (2014) · HAL · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
New Advances in Adaptive Thermogenesis: UCP1 and Beyond
Chouchani, E. T., Kazak, L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.002 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
The Common and Distinct Features of Brown and Beige Adipocytes
Ikeda, K., Maretich, P., & Kajimura, S. (2018) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.001 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched‐chain amino acids
Richardson, N. E., Williams, E. M., Kasza, I., Konon, E. N., Schaid, M. D., Schmidt, B., Poudel, C., Sherman, D. S., Yu, D., Apelo, S. I. A., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp275075 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication
Funcke, J., & Scherer, P. E. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r094060 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Li, B., Li, L., Li, M., Lam, S. M., Wang, G., Wu, Y., Zhang, H., Niu, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.015 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Paradigms of dynamic control of thyroid hormone signaling
Bianco, A. C., Dumitrescu, A., Gereben, B., Ribeiro, M. O., Fonseca, T. L., Fernandes, G. W., & Bocco, B. M. L. C. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00275 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
UCP1 Dependent and Independent Thermogenesis in Brown and Beige Adipocytes
Ikeda, K., & Yamada, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00498 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Creatine metabolism: energy homeostasis, immunity and cancer biology
Kazak, L., & Cohen, P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0365-5 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis
BonDurant, L. D., & Potthoff, M. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064800 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Brown Adipose Crosstalk in Tissue Plasticity and Human Metabolism
Schéele, C., & Wolfrum, C. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnz007 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health
Castillo‐Armengol, J., Fajas, L., & Lopez‐Mejia, I. C. (2019) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201947903 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
UCP1-independent thermogenesis
Roesler, A. A., & Kazak, L. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20190463 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue Activated by Thyroid Hormone
Yau, W. W. Y., & Yen, P. M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21083020 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Pellegrinelli, V., Peirce, V. J., Howard, L., Virtue, S., Türei, D., Senzacqua, M., Frontini, A., Dalley, J. W., Horton, A. R., Bidault, G., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07453-x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Yu, D., Yang, S. E., Miller, B. R., Wisinski, J. A., Sherman, D. S., Brinkman, J. A., Tomasiewicz, J. L., Richardson, N. E., Kimple, M. E., Cryns, V. L., et al. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201701211r · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity
da Silva, C. P. V., Hernández‐Saavedra, D., White, J. D., & Stanford, K. (2019) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology8010009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Oeckl, J., Janovská, P., Adamcová, K., Bardová, K., Brunner, S. P., Dieckmann, S., Ecker, J., Fromme, T., Funda, J., Gantert, T., et al. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101499 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Liver Derived FGF21 Maintains Core Body Temperature During Acute Cold Exposure
Ameka, M., Markan, K. R., Morgan, D. A., BonDurant, L. D., Idiga, S. O., Naber, M. C., Zhu, Z., Zingman, L. V., Grobe, J. L., Rahmouni, K., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37198-y · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids
Green, C. L., & Lamming, D. W. (2018) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2018.07.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Switching on the furnace: Regulation of heat production in brown adipose tissue
Li, L., Li, B., Li, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2019) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Endogenous FGF21-signaling controls paradoxical obesity resistance of UCP1-deficient mice
Keipert, S., Lutter, D., Schroeder, B. O., Brandt, D., Ståhlman, M., Schwarzmayr, T., Graf, E., Fuchs, H., de Angelis, M. H., Tschöp, M. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14069-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationParallel control of cold-triggered adipocyte thermogenesis by UCP1 and CKB
Rahbani, J. F., Bunk, J., Lagarde, D., Samborska, B., Roesler, A. A., Xiao, H., Shaw, A., Kaiser, Z., Braun, J. L., Geromella, M. S., et al. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
OPA1 deletion in brown adipose tissue improves thermoregulation and systemic metabolism via FGF21
Pereira, R. O., Marti, A., Olvera, A. C., Tadinada, S. M., Bjorkman, S. H., Weatherford, E. T., Morgan, D. A., Westphal, M., Patel, P., Kirby, A. K., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66519 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Spann, R. A., Morrison, C. D., & den Hartigh, L. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.802541 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Single-nucleus transcriptomics identifies separate classes of UCP1 and futile cycle adipocytes.
Wang, T., Sharma, A., Wu, C., Maushart, C., Ghosh, A., Yang, W., Stefanicka, P., Kovaničová, Z., Ukropec, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.07.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Insights into brown adipose tissue evolution and function from non-model organisms
Jastroch, M., Oelkrug, R., & Keipert, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.169425 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Methionine Restriction Reduces Inflammation Independent of FGF21 Action
Sharma, S., Dixon, T., Jung, S., Graff, E. C., Forney, L. A., Gettys, T. W., & Wanders, D. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22534 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
AIDA directly connects sympathetic innervation to adaptive thermogenesis by UCP1
Shi, M., Huang, X.-Y., Ren, X., Wei, X., Ma, Y., Lin, Z., Liu, D.-T., Song, L., Zhao, T., Li, G., et al. (2021) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-021-00642-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Celastrol-Induced Weight Loss Is Driven by Hypophagia and Independent From UCP1
Pfuhlmann, K., Schriever, S. C., Baumann, P., Kabra, D. G., Harrison, L. P., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., Contreras, R. E., Kyriakou, E., Simonds, S. E., Tiganis, T., et al. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db18-0146 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBenson, K. K., Hu, W., Weller, A. H., Bennett, A. H., Chen, E. R., Khetarpal, S. A., Yoshino, S., Bone, W. P., Wang, L., Rabinowitz, J. D., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1913199116 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Genetic Model to Study the Contribution of Brown and Brite Adipocytes to Metabolism
Challa, T. D., Dapito, D. H., Kulenkampff, E., Kiehlmann, E., Moser, C., Straub, L., Sun, W., & Wolfrum, C. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.055 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Maurer, S. F., Fromme, T., Mocek, S., Zimmermann, A., & Klingenspor, M. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00121.2019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Davis, R. A. H., Deemer, S. E., Bergeron, J. M., Little, J. T., Warren, J. L., Fisher, G., Smith, D. L., Fontaine, K. R., Dickinson, S., Allison, D. B., et al. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201800821rr · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism
Ziqubu, K., Dludla, P. V., Mabhida, S. E., Jack, B. U., Keipert, S., Jastroch, M., & Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155709 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipocyte function and the development of cardiometabolic disease
Giroud, M., Jodeleit, H., Prentice, K. J., & Bartelt, A. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281979 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ren, H., Hu, W., Jiang, T., Yao, Q., Qi, Y., & Huang, K. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116545 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pahlavani, M., Ramalingam, L., Miller, E. K., Scoggin, S. O., Menikdiwela, K. R., Kalupahana, N. S., Festuccia, W. T., & Moustaïd‐Moussa, N. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201800821 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Exploring the In Vivo Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Brown Fat Bioenergetics
Flicker, D., Sancak, Y., Mick, E., Goldberger, O., & Mootha, V. K. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
FGF15/19 is required for adipose tissue plasticity in response to thermogenic adaptations
Morón‐Ros, S., Uriarte, I., Berasain, C., Avila, M. A., Sabater, M., Moreno‐Navarrete, J. M., Fernández‐Real, J. M., Giralt, M., Villarroya, F., & Gavaldà‐Navarro, A. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101113 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bond, L. M., & Ntambi, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m078469 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue
Choi, Y., & Yu, L. (2021) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Li, S., Zou, T., Chen, J., Li, J., & You, J. (2023) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Futile Creatine Cycle powers UCP1-independent thermogenesis in classical BAT
Bunk, J., Hussain, M. F., Delgado-Martin, M., Samborska, B., Ersin, M., Shaw, A., Rahbani, J. F., & Kazak, L. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58294-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions
Li, V. L., Kim, J. T., & Long, J. Z. (2020) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi20-0012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Loss of glucagon signaling alters white adipose tissue browning
Townsend, L. K., Medak, K. D., Knuth, C. M., Peppier, W. T., Charron, M. J., & Wright, D. C. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201802048rr · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Uncoupling protein-1 deficiency promotes brown adipose tissue inflammation and ER stress
Bond, L. M., Burhans, M. S., & Ntambi, J. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205726 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Regulation of thermogenic adipocytes during fasting and cold
Reinisch, I., Schreiber, R., & Prokesch, A. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.110869 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Aging of Brown and Beige/Brite Adipose Tissue
Graja, A., Gohlke, S., & Schulz, T. J. (2018) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_151 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone
Phillips, K. J. (2019) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology8030057 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Girer, N. G., Carter, D., Bhattarai, N., Mustafa, M. G., Denner, L. A., Porter, C. C., & Elferink, C. J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20040950 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ChREBP-β regulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
Wei, C., Ma, X., Su, K., Qi, S., Zhu, Y., Lin, J., Wang, C., Yang, R., Chen, X., Wang, W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0498 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Global Transcriptome Analysis of Brown Adipose Tissue of Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Cao, J., Zhu, Q., Liu, L., Glazier, B., Hinkel, B. C., Liang, C., & Shi, H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19041095 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Substrate fluxes in brown adipocytes upon adrenergic stimulation and uncoupling protein 1 ablation
Schweizer, S., Oeckl, J., Klingenspor, M., & Fromme, T. (2018) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.201800136 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Weldenegodguad, M., Pokharel, K., Niiranen, L., Soppela, P., Ammosov, I., Honkatukia, M., Lindeberg, H., Peippo, J., Reilas, T., Mazzullo, N., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02703-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Jackson, T. C., Kotermanski, S. E., & Kochanek, P. M. (2018) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000493637 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Moure, R., Cairó, M., Morón‐Ros, S., Quesada‐López, T., Campderrós, L., Cereijo, R., Hernáez, Á., Villarroya, F., & Giralt, M. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adapting to the cold: A role for endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 in thermoregulation?
Klein Hazebroek, M., & Keipert, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00389 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Quantification of adipocyte numbers following adipose tissue remodeling
Moser, C., Straub, L. G., Rachamin, Y., Dapito, D. H., Kulenkampff, E., Ding, L., Sun, W., Modica, S., Baláž, M., & Wolfrum, C. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nguyen, T.-T. V., Vu, V. V., & Pham, P. V. (2020) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-020-10013-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
FGF9 inhibits browning program of white adipocytes and associates with human obesity
Sun, Y., Wang, R., Zhao, S., Li, W., Liu, W., Tang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, W., Liu, R., Ning, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-18-0151 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cooperative enzymatic control of N-acyl amino acids by PM20D1 and FAAH
Kim, J. T., Terrell, S. M., Li, V. L., Wei, W., Fischer, C. R., & Long, J. Z. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.55211 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential
Brandão, B. B., Poojari, A., & Rabiee, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115906 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Wang, M.-Y., Li, X., Wang, X., Jia, C., Yang, X., Feng, R.-Q., & Yuan, M. (2018) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.079 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pak, H. H., Richardson, N. E., Green, C. L., Brinkman, J. A., Yu, D., Tomasiewicz, J. L., Yang, S. E., Boyle, C., Konon, E. N., Ong, I. M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37177-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gaudry, M. J., Campbell, K. L., & Jastroch, M. (2018) · Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_116 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationCavalieri, R., Hazebroek, M. K., Cotrim, C. A., Lee, Y., Kunji, E. R. S., Jastroch, M., Keipert, S., & Crichton, P. G. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101526 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFischer, A. W., Behrens, J. R., Sass, F., Schlein, C., Heine, M., Pertzborn, P., Scheja, L., & Heeren, J. (2020) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.ra119000455 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
What puts the heat on thermogenic fat: metabolism of fuel substrates
Sponton, C. H., Júnior, J. C. D. L., & Leiria, L. O. (2022) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2022.05.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Highly recruited brown adipose tissue does not in itself protect against obesity
von Essen, G., Lindsund, E., Maldonado, E. M., Zouhar, P., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101782 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brown Fat and Nutrition: Implications for Nutritional Interventions
Noriega, L., Yang, C., & Wang, C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15184072 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Coulter, A. A., Greenway, F. L., Zhang, D., Ghosh, S., Coulter, C. R., James, S. L., He, Y., Cusimano, L. A., & Rebello, C. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1148954 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bazzazzadehgan, S., Shariat‐Madar, Z., & Mahdi, F. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030414 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Plasma Protein Network Regulates PM20D1 and N-Acyl Amino Acid Bioactivity
Kim, J. T., Jedrychowski, M. P., Wei, W., Fernández, D., Fischer, C. R., Banik, S. M., Spiegelman, B. M., & Long, J. Z. (2020) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.04.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
BAd-CRISPR: Inducible gene knockout in interscapular brown adipose tissue of adult mice
Romanelli, S. M., Lewis, K. T., Nishii, A., Rupp, A. C., Li, Z., Mori, H., Schill, R. L., Learman, B. S., Rhodes, C. J., & MacDougald, O. A. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101402 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Reynés, B., van Schothorst, E. M., Keijer, J., Palou, A., & Oliver, P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56354-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neuronal loss of TRPM8 leads to obesity and glucose intolerance in male mice
Liśkiewicz, D., Zhang, Q., Barthem, C. S., Jastroch, M., Liśkiewicz, A., Khajavi, N., Grandl, G., Coupland, C. A. C., Kleinert, M., García‐Cáceres, C., et al. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101714 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe obesity‐linked human lncRNA AATBC stimulates mitochondrial function in adipocytes
Giroud, M., Kotschi, S., Kwon, Y., Thuc, O. L., Hoffmann, A., Gil‐Lozano, M., Karbiener, M., Higareda‐Almaraz, J. C., Khani, S., Tews, D., et al. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202357600 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Xu, Z., Wang, L., Ling, D., Nong, Q., Xie, J., Zhu, X., & Shan, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.827523 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
PGC‐1α Activation by Polyphenols: A Pathway to Thermogenesis
Vannuchi, N., & Pisani, L. P. (2025) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70072 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fernández, A., Mazuecos, L., Pintado, C., Rubio, B., López, V., Solís, A. J. D., Rodríguez-Pérez, M., Andrés, A., & Gallardo, N. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081865 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bjorkman, S. H., Marti, A., Jena, J., García-Peña, L. M., Weatherford, E. T., Kato, K. M., Koneru, J., Chen, J., Sood, A., Potthoff, M. J., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52004-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Shabalina, I. G., Braz, G. R. F., Cannon, B., Yang, G., & Nedergaard, J. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148542 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
IRX3 Overexpression Enhances Ucp1 Expression In Vivo
Zhang, Z., Wu, Q., He, Y., Lu, P., Li, D., Yang, M., Gu, W., Liu, R., Hong, J., & Wang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.634191 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Alemán, G., Castro, A. L., Vigil‐Martínez, A., Torre-Villalvazo, I., Díaz‐Villaseñor, A., Noriega, L. G., Vera, I., Ordáz, G., Torres, N., & Tovar, A. R. (2019) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0642-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zu, Y., Pahlavani, M., Ramalingam, L., Jayarathne, S., Andrade, J., Scoggin, S. O., Festuccia, W. T., Kalupahana, N. S., & Moustaïd‐Moussa, N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24108708 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Does housing temperature influence glucose regulation and muscle-fat crosstalk in mice?
Lac, M., Tavernier, G., & Moro, C. (2023) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, B., An, H. J., Kim, D. H., Lee, M., Jeong, H. H., Chung, K. W., Go, Y., Seo, A. Y., Kim, I. Y., Seong, J. K., et al. (2022) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00888-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sepa-Kishi, D. M., & Ceddia, R. B. (2018) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2018.1504591 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vázquez, P., Hernández‐Sánchez, C., Escalona-Garrido, C., Pereira, L., Contreras, C., López, M., Balsinde, J., de Pablo, F., & Valverde, Á. M. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m085209 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Diminished Cold Avoidance Behaviours after Chronic Cold Exposure – Potential Involvement of TRPM8
Ezzatpanah, S., Eriksen, M. B., Moe, A.-M. G., & Haugen, F. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Su, D., Jiang, T., Song, Y., Li, D., Zhan, S., Zhong, T., Guo, J., Li, L., Zhang, H., & Wang, L. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07468-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Deletion of Letmd1 leads to the disruption of mitochondrial function in brown adipose tissue
Song, R., Du, Y., Li, P., Liu, H., Zheng, H., Lu, X., Wang, S., Zhou, L., Rahman, N. A., Wolczynski, S., et al. (2022) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gaudry, M. J., Keuper, M., & Jastroch, M. (2019) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationQimuge, N., Lindsund, E., Bokhari, M. H., Pang, W., & Petrovič, N. (2024) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105760 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of Thermogenic Fat Tissue in Energy Consumption
Horino, M., Ikeda, K., & Yamada, T. (2022) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb44070219 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gaudry, M. J., & Jastroch, M. (2021) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110613 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDGAT-driven futile lipid cycling has a pronounced, yet concealed, thermogenic function
Sharma, A. K., Khandelwal, R., Zurkovic, J., Long, F., Wang, T., Dewal, R. S., Wu, C., Ghosh, A., Klug, M., Othman, A., et al. (2026) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.12.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Herrnhold, M., Hamp, I., Plettenburg, O., Jastroch, M., & Keuper, M. (2023) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102874 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHazebroek, M. K., & Keipert, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.909621 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCirculating molecules that control brown/beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic capacity
Ludwig, R. G., Rocha, A. L. S., & Mori, M. A. (2018) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.10946 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Keipert, S., Kutschke, M., Ost, M., Schwarzmayr, T., van Schothorst, E. M., Lamp, D., Brachthäuser, L., Hamp, I., Mazibuko, S. E., Hartwig, S., Lehr, S., Graf, E., Plettenburg, O., Neff, F., Tschöp, M. H., & Jastroch, M.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jastroch, Martin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 437-446.e5
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2739667313
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 12.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Helmholtz Alliance ICEMED and the Helmholtz Initiative on Personalized Medicine iMed by Helmholtz Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- FGF21, UCP1, brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, cold acclimation, white adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, body weight, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, obesity, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Uncoupling Protein 1, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Cold Temperature, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Mice, Knockout, Thermogenesis, Mice, Adipose Tissue, White
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
