Eye contact facilitates awareness of faces during interocular suppression
Open accessAbstract
Eye contact captures attention and receives prioritized visual processing. Here we asked whether eye contact might be processed outside conscious awareness. Faces with direct and averted gaze were rendered invisible using interocular suppression. In two experiments we found that faces with direct gaze overcame such suppression more rapidly than faces with averted gaze. Control experiments ruled out the influence of low-level stimulus differences and differential response criteria. These results indicate an enhanced unconscious representation of direct gaze, enabling the automatic and rapid detection of other individuals making eye contact with the observer.
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When direct gaze is suppressed from conscious perception, it breaks through to consciousness faster than inverted faces or averted gaze.
“when artificially suppressed from conscious perception, they break through to consciousness faster than less salient social stimuli (such as inverted faces or averted gaze) [8,9]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [9]
Direct gaze is particularly powerful in capturing attention in adults and newborns.
“Highly relevant social signals, such as direct gaze, are particularly powerful in capturing attention both in adults and newborns”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [9]
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Colombatto, C., van Buren, B. F., & Scholl, B. J. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1530-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Intercepting the First Pass: Rapid Categorization is Suppressed for Unseen Stimuli
Kaunitz, L., Kamienkowski, J. E., Olivetti, E., Murphy, B., Avesani, P., & Melcher, D. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00198 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Direct gaze, eye movements, and covert and overt social attention processes
Boyer, T. W., & Wang, M. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1590-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clin, É., Maes, P., Stercq, F., & Kissine, M. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00398-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stein, T., Thoma, V., & Sterzer, P. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.3.15 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPecchinenda, A., Monachesi, B., & Laeng, B. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Looking into the future: An inward bias in aesthetic experience driven only by gaze cues
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Spatial perspective and identity in visual awareness of the bodily self-other distinction
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Bottom-up processing of fearful and angry facial expressions is intact in schizophrenia
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Hakala, J., Kätsyri, J., Takala, T., & Häkkinen, J. P. (2016) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/16.9.5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Earl, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937712 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Continuous flash suppression operates in local spatial zones: Effects of mask size and contrast
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Prospectively reinstated memory drives conscious access of matching visual input
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Gazing Without Eyes: A “Stare-in-the-Crowd” Effect Induced by Simple Geometric Shapes
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The effect of non-communicative eye movements on joint attention
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Negative affect impedes perceptual filling-in in the uniformity illusion
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Early Left Parietal Activity Elicited by Direct Gaze: A High-Density EEG Study
Burra, N., Kerzel, D., & George, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166430 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Attention-based perceptual learning does not affect access to awareness
Paffen, C. L. E., Gayet, S., Heilbron, M., & der Stigchel, S. V. (2018) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/18.3.7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Direct Gaze Partially Overcomes Hemispatial Neglect and Captures Spatial Attention
Rato, M. L., Mares, I., de Sousa, D. A., Senju, A., & Martins, I. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02702 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHidden intentions: Visual awareness prioritizes perceived attention even without eyes or faces
Colombatto, C., van Buren, B. F., & Scholl, B. J. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104901 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stein, T., Senju, A., Peelen, M. V., & Sterzer, P.
- Affiliations
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- University of London (GB)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Timo
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 307-311
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3796336
- OpenAlex
- W2153574155
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007322/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- eye contact, interocular suppression, unconscious awareness, face perception, direct gaze, averted gaze, visual attention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Awareness, Face, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Social Perception, Vision, Binocular, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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