Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited
Abstract
This study extended that of von Grünau and Anston (1995) and explored whether perceived direct gaze is easily detected by individuals with and without autism, utilizing a visual-search paradigm. Participants detected target faces with either direct gaze or averted gaze. Laterally averted faces were used to eliminate the involvement of lower perceptual characteristics such as symmetry, which were inherent with the “straight gaze” used by von Grünau and Anston. Both typically developed adults and children detected targets with direct gaze more quickly than those with averted gaze, but face inversion distorted this asymmetrical performance, suggesting the contribution of configurative facial processing. In contrast, children with autism were not affected by the gaze direction presented by realistic facial stimuli. They were, however, faster to detect straight gaze defined solely by local features, which suggests that their impairment might be specific to the detection of direct gaze presented within a facial context.
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Senju et al. (2005) demonstrated that children with ASD show no search-time advantage for a face looking directly at the viewer, rather than a face with averted gaze, unlike control participants.
“Senju, Hasegawa, and Tojo (2005) extended their previous result to a visual search paradigm, demonstrating that children with ASD show no search-time advantage for a face looking directly at the viewer, rather than a face with averted gaze, unlike control participants.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Senju et al. (2005)
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Self-citationAttentional Capture by Change in Direct Gaze
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Meeting another's gaze shortens subjective time by capturing attention
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Face inversion does not affect the reversed congruency effect of gaze
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Face detection in 2‐ to 6‐month‐old infants is influenced by gaze direction and species
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Stare in the Crowd: Frontal Face Guides Overt Attention Independently of its Gaze Direction
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Socially Communicative Eye Contact and Gender Affect Memory
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Effects of peripheral eccentricity and head orientation on gaze discrimination
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Increasing Visual Search Accuracy by Being Watched
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Flexible Cultural Learning Through Action Coordination
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Just one look: Direct gaze briefly disrupts visual working memory
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A new other-race effect for gaze perception.
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Effects of direct and averted gaze on the subsequent saccadic response
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Task-irrelevant direct gaze facilitates visual search for deviant facial expression
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Eye gaze is not unique: The reversed congruency effect on gaze and tongue targets
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Towards Computer Aided Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Virtual Environments
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Eye contact affects attention more than arousal as revealed by prospective time estimation
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Straight gaze facilitates face processing but does not cause involuntary attentional capture
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Self-citationReduced saccadic inhibition of return to moving eyes in autism spectrum disorders
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Shared mechanism for emotion processing in adolescents with and without autism
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Asymmetry in Gaze Direction Discrimination Between the Upper and Lower Visual Fields
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Reputation Reminders: When do Eye Cues Promote Prosocial Behavior?
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Gazing Without Eyes: A “Stare-in-the-Crowd” Effect Induced by Simple Geometric Shapes
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Direct Gaze Partially Overcomes Hemispatial Neglect and Captures Spatial Attention
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Self-citationHidden intentions: Visual awareness prioritizes perceived attention even without eyes or faces
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From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes
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Perceiving social gaze produces the reversed congruency effect
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Differential impact of trait, social, and attachment anxiety on the stare-in-the-crowd effect
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Is there a ‘zone of eye contact’ within the borders of the face?
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Enhanced detection of gaze toward an object: Sociocognitive influences on visual search
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Towards intelligent user interfaces
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Attentional Bias to Direct Gaze in a Dot-Probe Paradigm
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Gaze Direction Influences Awareness in Recognition Memory for Faces after Intentional Learning
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Attention to live eye contact in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Senju, A., Hasegawa, T., & Tojo, Y.
- Affiliations
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- National Institute of Special Education (JP)
- ORCID
- Senju, Atsushi
- Venue
- Visual Cognition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1474-1496
- ISSN
- 1350-6285 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0716
- OpenAlex
- W2073302779
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Visual Cognition (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- averted gaze, autism spectrum disorder, face perception, visual search, face inversion, gaze direction, children with autism
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