Childhood maltreatment profile in a clinical population in China: a further analysis with existing data of an epidemiologic survey
Open accessAbstract
To determine the lifetime prevalence and diverse profiles of types of childhood maltreatment (CM) in a high-risk clinical sample using standardized assessment tools (Child Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) in China, Shanghai, 2090 subjects were sampled from the Shanghai Mental Health Centre. Personality disorder (PD) was assessed using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and subjects were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-II). CTQ was used to assess CM in five domains (emotional abuse, EA; physical abuse, PA; sexual abuse, SA; emotional neglect, EN; and physical neglect, PN). The prevalence estimate of EA in the sample is 22.2%, followed by 17.8% of PA, and 12.5% of SA. The prevalence estimate was more frequent in PN (65.0%) and in EN (34.0%) than in childhood abuse (EA, PA and SA). It seems that males reported more PA and females reported more SA, the older subjects reported more neglect and the younger subjects reported more abuse. There was a higher prevalence of EA and SA in borderline PD patients (44.4%, 22.5%), PA in antisocial PD patients (38.9%). Multi-PD patients reported more forms of CM in childhood. Additionally, factor analysis of CTQ items confirmed factorial validity by identifying a five-factor structure that explained 50% of the total variance. These findings support the view that prevalence of CM was commonly experienced in clinical population during their childhood, especially for subjects with PDs. Factorial validity in PN needs to be further improved, and can in part be culturally explained.
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The more extensive the experience of CM, the higher the risk of developing BPD.
“Studies have consistently shown that the more extensive the experience of CM, the higher the risk of developing BPD.”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results (page unavailable) report that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) had high rates of childhood emotional and sexual abuse. They also associate more forms of childhood maltreatment with having multiple personality disorders, but do not show that increasingly extensive maltreatment raises the risk of developing BPD specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferent types of CM can uniquely contribute to specific BPD traits.
“Research indicates that different types of CM can uniquely contribute to specific BPD traits, highlighting the importance of addressing these experiences in therapeutic interventions (14–17).”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results section reports that emotional and sexual abuse were especially prevalent among patients with borderline personality disorder, and the Discussion distinguishes their association with borderline disorder from physical abuse’s association with antisocial disorder. The paper compares diagnoses, however; it does not show that different maltreatment types uniquely contribute to specific borderline personality disorder traits. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Chinese CTQ-SF has been validated as a reliable tool for assessing CM in Chinese clinical populations.
“The Chinese CTQ-SF has been validated as a reliable tool for assessing CM in Chinese clinical populations (15–17).”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results (Factor analysis using CTQ-SF items scores; page unavailable) report a five-factor structure in Chinese clinical outpatients, supporting some validity of the instrument in this setting. The Discussion says the abuse subscales had good conceptual validity but the neglect subscales’ validity was questionable. The Methods report satisfactory interviewer reliability, not reliability of the Chinese CTQ-SF itself, so the claim of a validated, reliable tool overall is overstated. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildhood maltreatment is a well-documented risk factor for BPD.
“childhood maltreatment (CM) is a well-documented risk factor for BPD.”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Zhang, T. H., Chow, A., Wang, L. L., Yu, J. H., Dai, Y. F., Lu, X., Good, M.-J. D., Good, B. J., & Xiao, Z. P.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xiao, Ze Ping
- Venue
- Comprehensive Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 856-864
- ISSN
- 0010-440X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4144995
- OpenAlex
- W1999246875
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201043)
- Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation (12ZR1448400)
- NIH Fogarty International Center (5D43TW05809)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, lifetime prevalence, gender differences, age differences, factorial validity, clinical populations, Shanghai
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, China, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
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