Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders
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Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders. Aims: To explore the risk associated with features of CSA and examine whether specific associations exist between particular profiles of CSA and the development of specific syndromes. Method: In a population-based sample of adult female twins, we used logistic regression to explore the association between features of CSA (reported by the twin and her co-twin) and lifetime major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder and alcohol and drug dependence. Results: In univariate and stepwise multiple regressions, patterns of predictors differed, although not significantly, across diagnoses. Greater risk was associated with attempted or completed intercourse, the use of force or threats, abuse by a relative, and a negative response by someone who was told about the abuse. Similar patterns were observed with co-twin reports. Conclusions: Specific features of CSA differentially increase risk of later psychopathology; however, there do not appear to be unique predictive relationships between features of CSA and the emergence of specific psychiatric disorders.
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In a population-based sample of twin females, CSA characteristics including attempted or completed intercourse, perpetration by a family member, use or threat of force, and disbelief or lack of support at disclosure were associated with greater risk for deleterious psychiatric outcomes compared with less severe forms of CSA.
“The severity of CSA seems to matter, as demonstrated by a population-based sample of twin females in which characteristics including attempted or completed intercourse, perpetration by a family member, the use or threat of force, and disbelief or lack of support at the time of disclosure were associated with greater risk for deleterious psychiatric outcomes compared with less severe forms of CSA (”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Bulik et al. 2001
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“Similar to prior analyses with these data (Bulik et al., 2001), the present analyses included intercourse versus other types of abuse (coded as 1 and 0, respectively, using the continuum of physical contact variable created previously), age at time of first abuse (continuous variable), more than one perpetrator (coded…”
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Myers, H. F., Wyatt, G. E., Loeb, T. B., Carmona, J. V., Warda, U. S., Longshore, D. L., Rivkin, I. D., Chin, D., & Liu, H. (2006) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-005-9054-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…on the consequences of CSA varies considerably with regard to the types of abuse included in definitions of CSA, whether one or more dimensions of CSA experiences are measured, and how severity of abuse is defined (Bensley et al., 2000; Bulik et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2001; West et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSynergistic effects of child abuse and intimate partner violence on depressive symptoms in women
Fogarty, C. T., Fredman, L., Heeren, T., & Liebschutz, J. M. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“(Mian et al., 1994; Bulik et al., 2001).”
Jaite, C., Schneider, N., Hilbert, A., Pfeiffer, E. F., Lehmkuhl, U., & Salbach‐Andrae, H. (2011) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000328580 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Characteristics of childhood sexual abuse in lesbians and heterosexual women
Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Hughes, T. L., & Benson, P. W. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The roots of depression in adolescent girls: Is menarche the key?
Born, L., Shea, A. K., & Steiner, M. S. (2002) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-002-0073-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In this latter sample, there were significant associations between the experience of abuse and lifetime major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, substance dependence, or comorbid psychiatric disorders [ 125 ].”
BackgroundChildhood Sexual Abuse and the Development of Recurrent Major Depression in Chinese Women
Chen, J., Cai, Y., Cong, E., Liu, Y., Gao, J., Li, Y., Tao, M., Zhang, K., Wang, X., Gao, C., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087569 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“One study identified a number of CSA features that increased the risk of MD: these were the age of abuse occurrence, the presence of attempted or completed intercourse, more than one perpetrator, gender of perpetrator, abuse by a relative, forced or threatened abuse, how strongly the victims were affected at that time…”
Self-citationNehls, N., & Sallmann, J. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732304272917 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…to the growing body of literature supporting a trajectory of childhood sexual or physical abuse and later substance and/or mental health problems (Bulik et al., 2001; Kendler et al., 2000; MacMillan et al., 2001; Molnar et al., 2001), findings from this study revealed the complex and varied ways…”
ResultReproductive issues in anorexia nervosa
Hoffman, E. R., Zerwas, S. C., & Bulik, C. M. (2011) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.11.31 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationWallis, C. R. D., & Woodworth, M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104604 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Prospective Examination of Service Use by Abused and Neglected Children Followed Up Into Adulthood
Yanos, P. T., Czaja, S. J., & Widom, C. S. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.8.796 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Familial influence and childhood trauma in female alcoholism
Magnusson, Å., Lundholm, C., Göransson, M., Copeland, W., Heilig, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001310 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Twin studies have shown previously that childhood sexual abuse increases the risk of addiction later in life (Kendler et al. 2000 ; Bulik et al. 2001 ; Sartor et al. 2008).”
BackgroundKiser, L. J., Stover, C. S., Navalta, C. P., Dorado, J. S., Vogel, J. M., Abdul-Adil, J. K., Kim, S., Lee, R. C., Vivrette, R. L., & Briggs, E. C. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.017 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prevalence and Spectrum of Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents in Kerala, South India
Krishnakumar, P., Satheesan, K., Geeta, M. G., & Kumar, K. S. (2013) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-013-1260-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Werner, K. B., McCutcheon, V. V., Challa, M., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Conroy, E., Statham, D. J., Madden, P. A. F., Henders, A. K., Todorov, A. A., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002056 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…investigating the impact of CM on later victimization, trauma exposure is often considered dichotomously (identifying the presence or absence of trauma), not addressing information pertaining to the severity or type of trauma exposure (Bernstein et al. 1997; Bulik et al. 2001; Sartor et al. 2012b).”
BackgroundZhang, T. H., Chow, A., Wang, L. L., Yu, J. H., Dai, Y. F., Lu, X., Good, M.-J. D., Good, B. J., & Xiao, Z. P. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“For example, there are strong evidence that put forward the associations between childhood traumatic experiences (in terms of abuse and neglect) with alcohol and drug dependence [14, 15], post-traumatic stress disorder [16, 17], depression [18, 19], and psychosis [20-23].”
BackgroundEating Disorders and Trauma History in Women with Perinatal Depression
Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Zerwas, S. C., Leserman, J., Holle, A. F. V., Regis, T., & Bulik, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2360 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Although both childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse(49,56,57) occur in individuals with EDs, they are best viewed as nonspecific risk factors for the development of psychopathology.(58,59) Similarly, trauma and abuse histories increase the risk of perinatal depression and PPD and other psychiatric comorbidity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWyatt, G. E., Carmona, J. V., Loeb, T. B., & Williams, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0120 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Ehrenreich, J. T., Suárez, L., Bennett, S. M., Cheron, D. M., Goldstein, C. R., Jakle, K., Landon, T. M., & Trosper, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200611000-00004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The impact of adverse child and adult experiences on recovery from serious mental illness.
Stumbo, S. P., Yarborough, B. J. H., Paulson, R. I., & Green, C. A. (2015) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000141 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Baker, J. H., Mazzeo, S. E., & Kendler, K. S. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20472 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationYoshihama, M., & Horrocks, J. (2009) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.06.013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Psychological Risk Markers in Violent Female Behavior
Weizmann‐Henelius, G., Viemerö, V., & Eronen, M. (2004) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2004.10471206 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Crossroads of Pain and Addiction:
Bailey, J. A., Hurley, R. W., & Gold, M. S. (2010) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00982.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Jamrozik, K. D., Mamun, A. A., O'Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9172-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The available community-based studies mostly employed cross-sectional designs that are not able to unravel the temporal sequence linking CSA and use of illicit substances (Bergen, Martin, Richardson, Allison, & Roeger, 2004; Bulik, Prescott, & Kendler, 2001; Burnam et al., 1988; Bushnell et al., 1992; Kendler et al.,…”
BackgroundResultLi, D., Chu, C. M., & Lai, V. (2020) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2592 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kawsar, M. (2004) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2003.007252 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Child maltreatment: Prevalence, risk, solutions, obstacles
Ronan, K. R., Canoy, D., & Burke, K. J. (2009) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903148560 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lind, M. J., Brown, R. C., Sheerin, C. M., York, T. P., Myers, J., Kendler, K. S., & Amstadter, A. B. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0727-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Further, findings are also consistent with a larger body of existing literature on the long-term association of CSA with a wide range of negative mental health outcomes [6, 36, 37] which appears to be particularly strong with sexual abuse [vs.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEiden, R. D., Stevens, A. D., Schuetze, P. A., & Dombkowski, L. E. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.1.1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Meyers, J. L., Shmulewitz, D., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Aharonovich, E., Spivak, B., Weizman, A., Frisch, A., Edenberg, H. J., Gelernter, J. E., et al. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12102 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…that family history of alcohol problems may confound the relationship between childhood adversity and adult alcohol disorders (Sher et al. 1997; Bulik et al. 2001), others indicated a persistent relationship between childhood adversity and alcohol disorders after adjusting for family history…”
BackgroundGekker, M., Coutinho, E. S. F., Berger, W., Luz, M. P., de Araújo, A. X. G., Pagotto, L. F., Marques‐Portella, C., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.042 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lehoux, P. M., & Howe, N. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x111285 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Danielson, C. K., Amstadter, A. B., Dangelmaier, R. E., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/10678280902973310 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For example, receiving a negative response after disclosing a sexual assault experience has been linked to an increased risk of developing SUDs (Bulik, Prescott, & Kendler, 2001 ).”
BackgroundCurrent mental health in women with childhood sexual abuse who had outpatient psychotherapy
Peleikis, D. E., Mykletun, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“CSA in girls often leads to severe repercussions in their adult life, and mental disorders, low self-esteem, problems in partner relationships, sexual dysfunctions, and retraumatization are common occurrences [4,10,16,23].”
BackgroundParker, B., & Turner, W. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008162.pub2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hulme, P. A. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Arpawong, T. E., Mekli, K., Lee, J., Phillips, D. F., Gatz, M., & Prescott, C. A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1904379 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationShevlin, M. E., Murphy, J., Houston, J. E., & Adamson, G. (2009) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522430802546640 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and neglect and self-reported symptoms of psychopathology through midlife.
VanMeter, F., Nivison, M. D., Englund, M. M., Carlson, E. A., & Roisman, G. I. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001169 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marneros, A., & Pillmann, F. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544002.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry.
Anderson, L. S., Beverly, W. T., Corey, L., & Murrelle, L. (2002) · Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · doi:10.1375/136905202320906264 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“, 1994, 2000; Prescott & Kendler, 2001) and adolescents (Bulik et al., 2001; D’Onofrio et al., 1999; Maes et al., 1999), general mental health and illness (Kendler et al.”
BackgroundMcElroy, E., Shevlin, M. E., Elklit, A., Hyland, P., Murphy, S., & Murphy, J. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30686 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Previous studies of CSA have taken an ordered categorical approach (i.e., assigning subjects to groups based on the most severe form of CSA experienced) (c.f., Bulik et al., 2001; Fergusson et al., 2008; Kendler et al., 2000; Molnar et al.,2001; Nelson et al., 2002).”
Background
- Authors
- Bulik, C. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bulik, Cynthia M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 444-449
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2006216826
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009095, AA-09095)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01553, R01MH040828, MH 40828)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, alcoholism, drug addiction, abuse reporting, mental illness, substance use disorders, female twins
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders
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