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Cited by 65Bipolar Disorder and TreatmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Metacognitions and emotional schemas: a new cognitive perspective for the distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression

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Batmaz, Sedat, Ulusoy Kaymak, Semra, Kocbiyik, Sibel, Turkcapar, Mehmet Hakan·2014·Comprehensive Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.016
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Abstract

Introduction Clinicians need to make the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression to guide their treatment choices. Looking at the differences observed in the metacognitions, and the emotional schemas, might help with this differentiation, and might provide information about the distinct psychotherapeutical targets.Methods Three groups of subjects (166 unipolar depressed, 140 bipolar depressed, and 151 healthy controls) were asked to fill out the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS). The clinicians diagnosed the volunteers according to the criteria of DSM-IV-TR with a structured clinical interview (MINI), and rated the moods of the subjects with the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Statistical analyses were undertaken to identify the group differences on the MCQ-30, and the LESS.Results The bipolar and unipolar depressed patients' scores on the MCQ-30 were significantly different from the healthy controls, but not from each other. On the LESS dimensions of guilt, duration, blame, validation, and acceptance of feelings, all three groups significantly differed from each other. There were no statistically different results on the LESS dimensions of comprehensibility, consensus, and expression. The mood disordered groups scored significantly different than the healthy controls on the LESS dimensions of simplistic view of emotions, numbness, rationality, rumination, higher values, and control.Conclusions These results suggest that the metacognitive model of unipolar depression might be extrapolated for patients with bipolar depression. These results are also compatible to a great extent with the emotional schema theory of depression.

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Authors
Batmaz, S., Ulusoy Kaymak, S., Kocbiyik, S., & Turkcapar, M. H.
Affiliations
Mersin Üniversitesi (TR)
Corresponding author
Batmaz, Sedat
ORCID
Batmaz, Sedat
Venue
Comprehensive Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-10
Volume
55
Issue
7
Pages
1546-1555
ISSN
0010-440X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.016
OpenAlex
W2132299479
Cited by
65
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
FWCI
2.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Hasan Kalyoncu University Institutional Repository (Hasan Kalyoncu University) (submittedVersion)
  • Hasan Kalyoncu University Institutional Repository (Hasan Kalyoncu University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords
metacognition, emotional schemas, major depressive disorder, bipolar depression, differential diagnosis, Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, guilt, rumination
MeSH terms
Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Models, Statistical, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult

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