Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Hartlage, Shirley; Alloy, Lauren B.; Vázquez, Carmelo; Dykman, Benjamin

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247

Cited by 523Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesPsychological Treatments and Disorders

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Hartlage, Shirley, Alloy, Lauren B., Vázquez, Carmelo, Dykman, Benjamin·1993·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247

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Abstract

Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed. The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research.

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Cognitive deficits associated with depression are typically evident during tasks that require effortful rather than automatic processing.
“Cognitive deficits associated with depression are typically evident during tasks that require effortful, rather than automatic, processing (Hartlage et al. 1993).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Hartlage et al. 1993

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Authors: Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
ORCID: Alloy, Lauren B.
Vázquez, Carmelo
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 113
Issue: 2
Pages: 247-278
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247
OpenAlex: W2080588816
Cited by: 523
References: 240
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 17.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Keywords: depression, automatic processing, effortful processing, attentional resources, cognitive interference, stimulus valence, negative automatic thoughts, depression proneness, psychopathology
MeSH terms: Attention, Depressive Disorder, Physical Exertion, Humans, Mental Processes

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Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

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