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Evolution of the vertebrate motor system - from forebrain to spinal cord
Abstract
A comparison of the vertebrate motor systems of the oldest group of now living vertebrates (lamprey) with that of mammals shows that there are striking similarities not only in the basic organization but also with regard to synaptic properties, transmitters and neuronal properties. The lamprey dorsal pallium (cortex) has a motor, a visual and a somatosensory area, and the basal ganglia, including the dopamine system, are organized in a virtually identical way in the lamprey and rodents. This also applies to the midbrain, brainstem and spinal cord. However, during evolution additional capabilities such as systems for the control of foreleg/arms, hands and fingers have evolved. The findings suggest that when the evolutionary lineages of mammals and lamprey became separate around 500 million years ago, the blueprint of the vertebrate motor system had already evolved.
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“Those roles in posterior neural development and motor coordination suggest that rfx4 may contribute to the evolution of axial patterning and swimming control in teleosts.44”
From A genomic compendium of hundreds of teleost fishes reveals their evolutionary landscape (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“rfx4 expression during posterior neural development and motor coordination, potentially contributing to teleost-specific adaptations in axial patterning and swimming efficiency, including modular axial skeletons, reconfigured myomeres for enhanced propulsion, and homocercal caudal fins.44,45”
From A genomic compendium of hundreds of teleost fishes reveals their evolutionary landscape (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
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The tectum/superior colliculus as the vertebrate solution for spatial sensory integration and action
Isa, T., Marquez-Legorreta, E., Grillner, S., & Scott, E. K. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.001 · Cited by 206 · cited 2×
“The superior colliculus/tectum is well-developed in the lamprey, as is the input from the basal ganglia and cortex/pallium [68e73], an arrangement present in all vertebrates [67].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe diversity of GABAergic neurons and neural communication elements
Huang, Z. J., & Paul, A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0195-4 · Cited by 201 · cited 1×
“Single-cell RNA-seq has not yet been performed on the lamprey forebrain, but it can be noted that in the dorsal cortex of the turtle, the GABA interneurons appear to be conserved when compared with the mouse [13,14].”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A genomic compendium of hundreds of teleost fishes reveals their evolutionary landscape
Song, Y., Yuan, Z., Fang, C., Zhang, S., Yang, L., Hu, M., Seim, I., Liu, S., Tian, X., Wang, C., et al. (2026) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101177 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Grillner, S.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 11-18
- ISSN
- 0959-4388
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 12
- Language
- en
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