Spinal inhibitory interneuron diversity delineates variant motor microcircuits
Open accessAbstract
Animals generate movement by engaging spinal circuits that direct precise sequences of muscle contraction, but the identity and organizational logic of local interneurons that lie at the core of these circuits remain unresolved. Here, we show that V1 interneurons, a major inhibitory population that controls motor output, fractionate into highly diverse subsets on the basis of the expression of 19 transcription factors. Transcriptionally defined V1 subsets exhibit distinct physiological signatures and highly structured spatial distributions with mediolateral and dorsoventral positional biases. These positional distinctions constrain patterns of input from sensory and motor neurons and, as such, suggest that interneuron position is a determinant of microcircuit organization. Moreover, V1 diversity indicates that different inhibitory microcircuits exist for motor pools controlling hip, ankle, and foot muscles, revealing a variable circuit architecture for interneurons that control limb movement.
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Post-mitotic neurons diversify into discrete subsets of physiologically distinct neuronal subtypes and commence formation of the circuitry characteristic of the spinal cord.
“Post-mitotic neurons subsequently further diversify into discrete subsets of physiologically distinct neuronal subtypes and commence formation of the circuitry that is characteristic of the spinal cord”
From Single cell transcriptomics reveals spatial and temporal dynamics of gene expression in the developing mouse spinal cord (2019) · cites this paper as Bikoff et al., 2016
Neurons differentiate asynchronously from progenitors by undergoing a series of transcriptional changes that converts a proliferative progenitor into specific classes of neurons.
“Neurons differentiate asynchronously from progenitors by undergoing a series of transcriptional changes that converts a proliferative progenitor into specific classes of neurons.”
From Single cell transcriptomics reveals spatial and temporal dynamics of gene expression in the developing mouse spinal cord (2019) · cites this paper as Bikoff et al., 2016
The 11 neural progenitor domains (p0-p3, pMN, pd1-pd6) generate distinct classes of spinal neurons that further diversify into multiple subpopulations.
“The 11 neural progenitor domains (p0-p3, pMN, pd1-pd6) generate distinct classes of spinal neurons that further diversify into multiple subpopulations”
From Single cell transcriptomics reveals spatial and temporal dynamics of gene expression in the developing mouse spinal cord (2019) · cites this paper as Bikoff et al., 2016
Combinatorial expression of 19 TFs has been proposed to generate multiple subpopulations of V1 interneurons.
“Moreover, the combinatorial expression of 19 TFs have been proposed to generate multiple subpopulations of V1 interneurons (Bikoff et al., 2016; Gabitto et al., 2016; Sweeney et al., 2018).”
From Single cell transcriptomics reveals spatial and temporal dynamics of gene expression in the developing mouse spinal cord (2019) · cites this paper as Bikoff et al., 2016
Ventral inhibitory neurons (V1 and V2b neurons), which are located downstream to SCVsx2::Hoxa10 neurons, were prioritized in specific comparisons involving the long-term recovery of walking following EESREHAB.
“For example, ventral inhibitory neurons (V1 and V2b neurons49,50), which are located downstream to SCVsx2::Hoxa10 neurons, were prioritized in specific comparisons involving the long-term recovery of walking following EESREHAB.”
From The neurons that restore walking after paralysis (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
Inhib-23 and Inhib-25 expressed Foxp2 and Esrrb, suggesting they correspond to the Foxp2 clade of V1 lineage neurons described by Bikoff and colleagues.
“Inhib-23 and Inhib-25 expressed Foxp2 and Esrrb, suggesting they correspond to the Foxp2 clade of V1 lineage neurons described by Bikoff and colleagues88.”
From A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
Inhib-24 expressed both Pou6f2 and Nr5a2, suggesting it corresponded to the Pou6f2/Nr5a2 clade of V1 lineage neurons.
“Inhib-24 expressed both Pou6f2 and Nr5a2, suggesting that this cluster corresponded to the Pou6f2/Nr5a2 clade of V1 lineage neurons88.”
From A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Bikoff, J. B., Gabitto, M. I., Rivard, A. F., Drobac, E., Machado, T. A., Miri, A., Brenner-Morton, S., Famojure, E., Diaz, C., Alvarez, F. J., Mentis, G. Z., & Jessell, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bikoff, Jay B.
- Jessell, Thomas M.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-219
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4808435
- OpenAlex
- W2290082869
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 18.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH-NINDS (R01-NS047357)
- NIH (R01-NS078375, R21-NS079981, R01-NS033245)
- Department of Defense (GR.10235006)
- Brain Research Foundation
- Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation
- Project A.L.S.
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- interneuron diversity, transcription factors, motor pools, spinal cord circuits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Extremities, Movement, Proprioception, Spinal Cord, Transcription Factors, Mice, Transcriptome, Renshaw Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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