V1 and V2b Interneurons Secure the Alternating Flexor-Extensor Motor Activity Mice Require for Limbed Locomotion
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Reciprocal activation of flexor and extensor muscles constitutes the fundamental mechanism that tetrapod vertebrates use for locomotion and limb-driven reflex behaviors. This aspect of motor coordination is controlled by inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord; however, the identity of the spinal interneurons that serve this function is not known. Here, we show that the production of an alternating flexor-extensor motor rhythm depends on the composite activities of two classes of ventrally located inhibitory neurons, V1 and V2b interneurons (INs). Abrogating V1 and V2b IN-derived neurotransmission in the isolated spinal cord results in a synchronous pattern of L2 flexor-related and L5 extensor-related locomotor activity. Mice lacking V1 and V2b inhibition are unable to articulate their limb joints and display marked deficits in limb-driven reflex movements. Taken together, these findings identify V1- and V2b-derived neurons as the core interneuronal components of the limb central pattern generator (CPG) that coordinate flexor-extensor motor activity.
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Ventral inhibitory neurons (V1 and V2b neurons), which are located downstream to SCVsx2::Hoxa10 neurons, were prioritized in specific comparisons involving the long-term recovery of walking following EESREHAB.
“For example, ventral inhibitory neurons (V1 and V2b neurons49,50), which are located downstream to SCVsx2::Hoxa10 neurons, were prioritized in specific comparisons involving the long-term recovery of walking following EESREHAB.”
From The neurons that restore walking after paralysis (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Zhang, J., Lanuza, G. M., Britz, O., Wang, Z., Siembab, V. C., Zhang, Y., Velasquez, T., Alvarez, F. J., Frank, E., & Goulding, M.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Wright State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goulding, Martyn
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 138-150
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4096991
- OpenAlex
- W2080030366
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 9.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Journal of Bioresource Management (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California Berkeley
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS031249, R37NS037075, P01NS057228, R56NS047357, R01NS080586, R01NS047357)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Robotic Locomotion and Control
- Keywords
- spinal interneurons, inhibitory neurotransmission, tetrapod locomotion
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cholera Toxin, Embryo, Mammalian, Extremities, Interneurons, Functional Laterality, Locomotion, Mice, Transgenic, Motor Activity, Mutation, Neural Inhibition, Reflex, Spinal Cord, Tail, Neurotransmitter Agents, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice
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