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A meta-analysis of treatments for perinatal depression
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis assessed efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological interventions for treatment of perinatal depression. A systematic review identified 27 studies, including open trials (n=9), quasi-randomized trials (n=2), and randomized controlled trials (n=16) assessing change from pretreatment to posttreatment or comparing these interventions to a control group. Uncontrolled and controlled effect sizes were assessed in separate meta-analyses. There was significant improvement in depressive symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment, with an uncontrolled overall effect size (Hedges' g) of 1.61 after removal of outliers and correction for publication bias. Symptom levels at posttreatment were below cutoff levels indicative of clinically significant symptoms. At posttreatment, intervention groups demonstrated significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms compared to control groups, with an overall controlled effect size (Hedges' g) of 0.65 after removal of outliers. Individual psychotherapy was superior to group psychotherapy with regard to changes in symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment. Interventions including an interpersonal therapy component were found to have greater effect sizes, compared to control conditions, than interventions including a cognitive-behavioral component. Implications of the findings for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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“Importantly, there is strong evidence that PMH conditions can be prevented52-54 and effectively treated through psychotherapy54-57 and/or pharmacotherapy.58,59”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“It is important to recognize that in addition to pharmacologic treatment, interpersonal therapy (IPT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions are the most well studied and most effective treatment85,86 and prevention strategies87 for perinatal mood disorders.”
From Prevalence of Depression or Anxiety During Antepartum Hospitalizations for Obstetric Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [86]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Existing reviews highlight the effectiveness of a number of interventions for PPD including medication (eg, antidepressant medication), health promotion interventions (eg, educational home visits) and psychological interventions (eg, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy.16–27”
From Effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive-behavioural therapy based interventions for maternal peripartum depression: A systematic review, meta-analysis and thematic synthesis protocol (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Computer-based therapies may be most appealing to pregnant women who do not want to take medication or face barriers such as scheduling demands, access to transportation, or childcare.48,49”
From Pregnancy and the Acceptability of Computer-Based Versus Traditional Mental Health Treatments (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
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“Effective treatments for depression exist (Claridge 2014; De Crescenzo et al. 2014; Sockol et al. 2011; Stuart and Koleva 2014)”
From Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial (2015) · cites this paper as Sockol et al. 2011
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“Although there are mixed findings regarding the superiority of one type of psychological intervention over another,17 25 27”
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“several reviews have found CBT to be an effective psychological intervention for PPD.23 25 26 30”
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“Informed by the evidence that reduced self-compassion, increased self-criticism, and maladaptive beliefs about motherhood are associated with psychopathology during the perinatal period (Felder, Lemon, Shea, Kripke, & Dimidjian, 2016;Sockol & Battle, 2015;Sockol, Epperson, & Barber, 2011)”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders: A feasibility and proof of concept study. (2020) · cites this paper as Sockol, Epperson, & Barber, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In 2011, a meta-analysis of the efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological interventions found that IPT demonstrated higher effect sizes when compared to controls and was superior to CBT in PND treatment (higher effect sizes when compared to controls). The meta-analysis also showed that individual psychotherapy was superior to group psychotherapy when observing changes in symptoms from”
From Perinatal Depression: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in treating the significant burden of perinatal depression and anxiety [4]; however, as few as 12% of women with perinatal depression access mental healthcare services [5].”
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“When women are listened to and validated in a safe and therapeutic environment, they may begin to restore their self-esteem and locus of control (Sockol et al., 2011).”
BackgroundA cognitive perspective on pre-service and in-service language teaching
Sánchez, H. S. (2026) · Babylonia Journal of Language Education · doi:10.55393/babylonia.v1i.1237 · Cited by 7
Bright, K. S., Stuart, S. P., McNeil, D. A., Murray, L., & Kingston, D. E. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/23879 · Cited by 7
“IPT improves symptoms of depression and anxiety in prenatal women [13-16].”
BackgroundOrengo‐Aguayo, R., & Segre, L. S. (2015) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2015.1101753 · Cited by 8
Dooley, R. L., & McAloon, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.008 · Cited by 10
Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Radoš, S. N., Uka, A., Marques, M., Maia, B., Matos, M., Branquinho, M., Aydın, R., Mahmoodi, V., Chrzan‐Dętkoś, M., et al. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103865 · Cited by 9
D’Agostino, A., Garbazza, C., Malpetti, D., Azzimonti, L., Mangili, F., Stein, H.-C., del Giudice, R., Cicolin, A., Cirignotta, F., Manconi, M., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115687 · Cited by 7
“…and Asberg 1979) are commonly employed clinician-administered rating scales to measure treatment response in clinical trials (Cuijpers et al., 2021; Sockol et al., 2011), to assess changes in symptom severity over time in clinical practice and as relatively brief screening tools for depression.”
MethodBehandlung psychischer Störungen in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit
Kittel-Schneider, S., & Reif, A. (2016) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0177-y · Cited by 5
Jester, J. M., Riggs, J. L., Menke, R. A., Alfafara, E. A., Issa, M., Muzik, M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1048511 · Cited by 9
“The primary objectives were to (1) measure differences between treatment and control groups in the percentage of participants reporting probable depression in the clinical range at the 3-month follow-up and (2) measure retention at the 3-month follow-up time point.”
BackgroundInfluentialPerinatal distress, an appraisal perspective
Coo, S., Milgrom, J., Kuppens, P., & Trinder, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2015.1004570 · Cited by 7
Shedding Light on the Difficulties and Challenges Experienced by Mothers of Infants
Marshall, E. J., & Thompson, A. P. (2013) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00093.x · Cited by 7
Ng’oma, M., Atif, N., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Chirwa, E. M., & Stewart, R. C. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002128 · Cited by 9
“There is ample evidence that in resource-constrained settings low-intensity psychological or psychosocial interventions can be effectively delivered by non-specialist/lay health workers with proper training, supervision and support [14, 15].”
BackgroundHölzle, L., Schöch, P., Hörtnagl, C., Buchheim, A., Lampe, A., Zechmeister‐Koss, I., & Paul, J. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1389545 · Cited by 10
“…therapies in contrast have been found to be acceptable and help reduce perinatal symptoms e.g., counselling interventions, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal therapies (25, 26), psychosocial therapies (27), and interventions delivered by non-specialists or peers (12, 28, 29).”
BackgroundSingla, D. R., Lawson, A., Dennis, C., Kaliush, P. R., Walsh, K., Patel, V., & Schiller, C. E. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00505-2 · Cited by 6
“Although an earlier systematic review suggested that CBT was more effective than interpersonal therapy 117 , another review found the opposite 12 .”
Jain, D., Jain, A. K., Metz, G. A. S., Ballanyi, N., Sood, A., Linder, R., & Olson, D. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2021.673118 · Cited by 6
Singla, D. R., de Oliveira, C., Murphy, S. M., Patel, V., Charlebois, J., Davis, W. N., Dennis, C., Kim, J., Kurdyak, P. A., Lawson, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05318-2 · Cited by 7
“Despite the widespread effectiveness of psychologi - cal treatments for perinatal populations [6, 7, 24], there remains a paucity of evidence on the cost-effectiveness of psychological treatments for perinatal depression and anxiety.”
BackgroundChanges in Mothering Ideology After Childbirth and Maternal Mental Health in French Women
Loyal, D., Sutter‐Dallay, A., & Rascle, N. (2021) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-021-01242-5 · Cited by 6
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Listening Visits for Mothers of Hospitalized Newborns
Segre, L. S., McCabe, J. E., Davila, R. C., Carter, C., O’Hara, M. W., & Arndt, S. V. (2023) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000650 · Cited by 6
“This moderate effect size compares favorably to effect sizes reported in meta-analyses of treatments for postpartum depression delivered by specialists (Cuijpers et al., 2021; Sockol et al., 2011).”
ResultWright, E., Martinovic, J., Meschino, D. D. C., Barker, L. C., Philipp, D. A., Israel, A., Hussain‐Shamsy, N., Mukerji, G., Wang, V., Chatterjee, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05444-x · Cited by 6
“In general, psychotherapeutic interventions are effective in treating postpartum mental illness [18, 19].”
BackgroundPrice, S., Gray, L. A., & Thacker, L. R. (2015) · Best practices in mental health · doi:10.70256/112372jflrjw · Cited by 6
Chorwe‐Sungani, G. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97411 · Cited by 6
Evidence‐Based Treatments and Pathways to Care
O’Hara, M. W., Dennis, C., McCabe, J. E., & Galbally, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118509722.ch11 · Cited by 7
Torres-Giménez, A., Sureda, B., Roca-Lecumberri, A., Andrés-Perpiñá, S., Solé, E., & Gelabert, E. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.003 · Cited by 5
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Review of Theory, History, and Evidence of Efficacy
Stuart, S. P., Schultz, J. M., Molina, A. P., & Siber, S. (2024) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2024.52.3.370 · Cited by 5
Ingram, J. C., Johnson, D., Johnson, S., O’Mahen, H., Kessler, D. S., Taylor, H., Law, R., Round, J. A., Ford, J., Hopley, R., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032649 · Cited by 5
Psychiatric Symptoms and Pregnancy
Novick, D. M., & Flynn, H. A. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260454.ch16 · Cited by 6
Psychotherapy for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Schiller, C. E., Thompson, K., Cohen, M. J., Geiger, P., Lundegard, L., & Bonacquisti, A. (2021) · Women's Mood Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71497-0_17 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Sockol, L. E., Epperson, C. N., & Barber, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sockol, Laura E.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 839-849
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4108991
- OpenAlex
- W2005817233
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA030301)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, pharmacotherapy, psychological intervention, individual psychotherapy, group therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, depressive symptom reduction, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Psychotherapy, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Postpartum, Peripartum Period
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