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Cited by 19Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareInfant Development and Preterm Care

The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact

Open access
Monk, Catherine, Dimidjian, Sona, Galinsky, Ellen, Gregory, Kimberly D., Hoffman, M. Camille, Howell, Elizabeth A., Miller, Emily S., Osborne, Cynthia +3 more·2022·American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
DOI 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100678PMC PMC13036582
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Abstract

Obstetrics, the specialty overseeing infant and parent health before birth, could be expanded to address the interrelated areas of parents' prenatal impact on children's brain development and their own psychosocial needs during a time of immense change and neuroplasticity. Obstetrics is primed for the shift that is happening in pediatrics, which is moving from its traditional focus on physical health to a coordinated, whole-child, 2- or multigeneration approach. Pediatric care now includes developmental screening, parenting education, parent coaching, access to developmental specialists, brain-building caregiving skills, linkages to community resources, and tiered interventions with psychologists. Drawing on decades of developmental origins of health and disease research highlighting the prenatal beginnings of future health and new studies on the transition to parenthood describing adult development from pregnancy to early postpartum, we have proposed that, similar to pediatrics, the integration of education and intervention strategies into the prenatal care ecosystem should be tested for its potential to improve child cognitive and social-emotional development and parental mental health. Pediatric care programs can serve as models of change for the systematic development, testing and, incorporation of new content into prenatal care as universal, first-tier treatment and evidenced-based, triaged interventions according to the level of need. To promote optimal beginnings for the whole family, we have proposed an augmented prenatal care ecosystem that aligns with, and could build on, current major efforts to enhance perinatal care individualization through consideration of medical, social, and structural determinants of health.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100678

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    Pediatrics has moved toward a coordinated, whole-child, two-generation approach.

    “similar to those accruing from the shift in pediatrics to a coordinated, whole-child, 2-generation philosophy.1,4,5”
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  • Premisecitation

    Biological cues tied to the pregnant parent's health, lifestyle, nutrition, social circumstances, and mental state, which a co-parent can also influence, help shape the fetal brain.

    “The fetal brain is shaped, in part, by adaptation to biological cues related to the pregnant parent’s well-being, lifestyle, nutritional status, social factors, and mental health (each of which a co-parent can affect).11-15”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
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    Third-trimester fetuses register, recognize, and differentially respond to varied stimuli as measured by heart rate changes.

    “Third-trimester fetuses register, recognize, and differentially respond to varied stimuli measured by heart rate changes during habituation paradigms.20-24”
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    In the context of structural racism and discrimination, rates of perinatal mental health conditions are nearly double for women of color and those experiencing poverty.

    “In the context of structural racism and discrimination, the rates are nearly double for women of color and those experiencing poverty.33,34”
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    Newborns of more anxious mothers have greater responses to aberrant stimuli in brain regions related to anxiety disorders in adults.

    “A recent task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed that newborns of more anxious mothers have greater responses to aberrant stimuli in brain regions related to anxiety disorders in adults (right anterior insula, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex area).38”
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    Premisecitation

    In the US, millions of children have diagnosed neurobehavioral conditions, including ADHD, behavior problems, anxiety, and learning, emotional, or speech disabilities.

    “6.1 million children have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 4.5 million children have been diagnosed with behavior problems, 4.4 million children have been diagnosed with anxiety, and nearly 7 million children are classified as disabled based on learning difficulties, emotional disturbance, and speech or language impairment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Shonkoff, 2021, Leveraging the biology of adversity and resilience to transform pediatric practice, Pediatrics source

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    There is strong evidence that perinatal mental health conditions can be prevented and effectively treated through psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy.

    “Importantly, there is strong evidence that PMH conditions can be prevented52-54 and effectively treated through psychotherapy54-57 and/or pharmacotherapy.58,59”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 30% of pregnant women report psychosocial stress in daily life, including job strain and depressive or anxiety symptoms.

    “In studies of pregnant women, an estimated 30% report psychosocial stress in their daily lives, including job strain and depressive or anxiety symptoms.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Interpretationcitation

    Parents' psychosocial experiences become embedded in the future child's neurobiology, and parents influence children's neurodevelopment before birth.

    “As DOHaD data demonstrate, parents’ psycho-social experiences are embedded in the future child’s neurobiology. Parents affect children’s neurodevelopment before birth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [11] Falk, 2016, Evolution of brain and culture: the neurological and cognitive journey from Australopithecus to Albert Einstein, J Anthropol Sci

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    • cites [12] Matthews, 2018, Brain growth in the NICU: critical periods of tissue-specific expansion, Pediatr Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Monk, 2019, Prenatal developmental origins of future psychopathology: mechanisms and pathways, Annu Rev Clin Psychol source

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    • cites [14] Cardenas, 2022, Fathers matter from the start: the role of expectant fathers in child development, Child Dev Perspectives source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Marshall, 2022, The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

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    Premisecitation

    Experimental animal studies controlling for shared genes show that maternal prenatal stress predicts anxiety-like behavior in offspring, related to impaired HPA axis regulation and decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

    “Importantly, experimental animal studies that control for shared genes have demonstrated that maternal prenatal stress predicts anxiety like behavior in the offspring related to impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation and decreased expression of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor that mediates neural plasticity.39-41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Weinstock, 2017, Prenatal stressors in rodents: effects on behavior, Neurobiol Stress source

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    More than 10% of new fathers experience anxiety and/or depression during the perinatal period.

    “Furthermore, it is estimated that more than 10% of new fathers experience anxiety and/or depression during the perinatal period.35”
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    • cites [35] O'Brien, 2017, New fathers’ perinatal depression and anxiety-treatment options: an integrative review, Am J Mens Health source

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    Interpretationcitation

    The preference for the maternal voice likely promotes bonding, and transnatal memory for language-specific properties may undergird language development.

    “The preference for the maternal voice vs another woman’s voice likely promotes bonding, while transnatal memory (prebirth learning that carries across the birth divide) for language-specific properties may undergird language development.27,28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

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    Approximately 10% to 12% of pregnant women meet criteria for a perinatal mental health condition, most often anxiety or depression.

    “Approximately 10% to 12% of pregnant women meet the criteria for a PMH condition, most often anxiety or depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Greater maternal prenatal psychosocial stress is associated with small but statistically significant reductions in IQ scores and less advanced language development.

    “Furthermore, greater maternal prenatal psychosocial stress is associated with small but statistically significant reductions in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and less advanced language development.37”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Laplante, 2008, Project Ice Storm: prenatal maternal stress affects cognitive and linguistic functioning in 5 1/2-year-old children, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

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    It is estimated that less than 50% of women who need mental healthcare get it, and the rate is even lower among women with fewer resources and of color.

    “It is estimated that <50% of women who need it get care60 and the rate is even lower among women with fewer resources and of color.62”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    • cites [62] Salameh, 2019, Racial/ethnic differences in mental health treatment among a national sample of pregnant women with mental health and/or substance use disorders in the United States, J Psychosom Res source

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    Premisecitation

    Untreated mental health problems during pregnancy often continue into the postpartum period, with untoward effects on child development, such as compromised parent-child bonding, decrements in IQ, and risk of depression in adolescence.

    “Finally, untreated mental health problems during pregnancy often continue into the postpartum period, with untoward effects on child development, such as compromised parent-child bonding, decrements in IQ, and risk of depression in adolescence.19,44”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Rajyaguru, 2021, Maternal and paternal depression and child mental health trajectories: evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, BJPsych Open source

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    • cites [44] Goodman, 1999, Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission, Psychol Rev source

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    It is estimated that 40% of children born prematurely will experience compromised neurodevelopment, with effects on social, emotional, and physical health.

    “It is estimated that 40% of children born prematurely will experience compromised neurodevelopment, with effects on social, emotional, and physical health.71”
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    • cites [71] Hodyl, 2017, Child neurodevelopmental outcomes following preterm and term birth: what can the placenta tell us?, Placenta source

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    Premisecitation

    Both adolescence and the perinatal period are times of increased risk of the emergence of mental health problems.

    “Both adolescence and the perinatal period are times of increased risk of the emergence of mental health problems.92”
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    • cites [92] Bale, 2015, Sex differences and stress across the lifespan, Nat Neurosci source

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    Premisecitation

    Children of maltreating parents are 2 times more likely to become maltreating parents themselves, although most children who were abused do not go on to abuse their children.

    “In the extreme, children of maltreating parents are 2 times more likely to become maltreating parents themselves, although most children who were abused do not go on to abuse their children.103”
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    • cites [103] Madigan, 2019, Testing the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis: meta-analytic evidence of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment, Dev Psychopathol source

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    Premisecitation

    Preterm birth is not distributed equally across the population, and racial and ethnic inequities are dramatic and independent of socioeconomic status.

    “PTB is not distributed equally across the population.73 The racial and ethnic inequities are dramatic and independent of socioeconomic status.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Braveman, 2021, Explaining the black-white disparity in preterm birth: a consensus statement from a multi-disciplinary scientific work group convened by the March of Dimes, Front Reprod Health source

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    Premisecitation

    Obstetrical visits typically last under 20 minutes, while those with nurse-midwives are slightly longer.

    “Obstetrical visits typically last under 20 minutes; however, those with nursemidwives are slightly longer.106”
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    • cites [106] Tai-Seale, 2007, Time allocation in primary care office visits, Health Serv Res source

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    Premisecitation

    California recently became the first state to pay for dyadic care, dedicating $800 million to cover HealthySteps for the 5.4 million children who have Medicaid insurance.

    “California recently became the first state to pay for dyadic care, dedicating $800 million to cover HealthySteps for the 5.4 million children who have Medicaid insurance”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Approximately 14% of Non-Hispanic Black women give birth before term compared with 9% of Non-Hispanic White women.

    “Overall, approximately 14% of Non-Hispanic Black women give birth before term compared with 9% of Non-Hispanic White women.69”
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    • cites [69] Martin, 2021, Births: final data for 2019, Natl Vital Stat Rep

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    Premisecitation

    Compared with babies born at or near 37 weeks, very premature (<32 weeks) and extremely premature (<28 weeks) children have 2.25 and 4.04 times the odds, respectively, of receiving an ADHD diagnosis.

    “Compared with babies born at or near 37 weeks of gestation, very premature (<32 weeks of gestation) and extremely premature (<28 weeks of gestation) children have 2.25 and 4.04 times the odds, respectively, of receiving an ADHD diagnosis.72”
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    • cites [72] Franz, 2018, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics source

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    Premisecitation

    Annually, 10% of US births are preterm births (before 37 weeks), affecting nearly 400,000 births, and rates are rising.

    “Annually, 10% of US births are preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks of gestation), with nearly 400,000 births affected68 and recent data showing rates rising.69”
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    • cites [68] Martin, 2019, Births: final data for 2018, Natl Vital Stat Rep

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    • cites [69] Martin, 2021, Births: final data for 2019, Natl Vital Stat Rep

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    Premisecitation

    Even before the baby is born, elicited statements about caregiving reflect 'internal working models of attachment' and predict qualities of future caregiving.

    “Even before the baby is born, elicited statements about caregiving reflect “internal working models of attachment” and predict qualities of future caregiving.104,105”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [104] Berlin, 2013, Examining pregnant women's hostile attributions about infants as a predictor of offspring maltreatment, JAMA Pediatr source

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    • cites [105] Terry, 2021, Hostile/helpless maternal representations in pregnancy and later child removal: a pilot study, Infant Ment Health J source

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  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pediatric care programs are sufficiently analogous to prenatal care settings to serve as models for change.

    “Pediatric care programs can serve as models of change for the systematic development, testing, and incorporation of new content into prenatal care as universal, first-tier treatment and evidenced-based, triaged interventions according to the level of need.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    How parents navigate the transition to parenthood impacts their future parenting, well-being, and child outcomes.

    “How they navigate this period impacts their future parenting, well-being, and, consequently, child outcomes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The transition to parenthood is a period of unprecedented frequent contact with health providers.

    “Nonetheless, the TtP is a period of unprecedented frequent contact with health providers and the move to convenient, remote monitoring and text-based communication for some visits could align with stress-reducing plans and other added information modules to help future parents and positively impact child outcomes during pregnancy and the fourth trimester of pregnancy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pediatric care currently includes developmental screening, parenting education, parent coaching, access to developmental specialists, brain-building caregiving skills, linkages to community resources, and tiered interventions with psychologists.

    “Pediatric care now includes developmental screening, parenting education, parent coaching, access to developmental specialists, brain-building caregiving skills, linkages to community resources, and tiered interventions with psychologists.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Parents' relationship with their child develops before birth.

    “Parents’ relationship with their child develops before birth: this relationship and their emerging caregiving role could be substantiated and supported.”
5 of 5

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Martin, 2019, Births: final data for 2018, Natl Vital Stat Rep, 68, 1
  2. Martin, 2021, Births: final data for 2019, Natl Vital Stat Rep, 70, 1
  3. Morgenthaler, 2006, Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update, An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep, 29, 1415

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Authors
Monk, C., Dimidjian, S., Galinsky, E., Gregory, K. D., Hoffman, M. C., Howell, E. A., Miller, E. S., Osborne, C., Rogers, C. E., Saxbe, D. E., & D'Alton, M. E.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • Bezos Family Foundation (US)
  • Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • University of Southern California (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-09
Volume
4
Issue
5
Pages
100678
ISSN
2589-9333 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100678
PMC
PMC13036582
OpenAlex
W4283080231
Cited by
19
References
105
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5
FWCI
0.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Valhalla Foundation
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH113570, R01MH117251, R01MH121877)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA046224)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD092062, R01HD105499)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
Keywords
transition to parenthood, prenatal care, developmental origins of health and disease, parental mental health, child cognitive development, social-emotional development, parent education, parent coaching, developmental screening, perinatal care, neuroplasticity, social determinants of health, postpartum period
MeSH terms
Adult, Child, Family, Female, Humans, Infant, Obstetrics, Parents, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Ecosystem

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