Cited by 1,077Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBehavioral and Psychological StudiesChild Therapy and Development

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The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support

Sanders, Matthew R., Kirby, James N., Tellegen, Cassandra L., Day, Jamin J.·2014·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003

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Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of the multilevel Triple P-Positive Parenting Program system on a broad range of child, parent and family outcomes. Multiple search strategies identified 116 eligible studies conducted over a 33-year period, with 101 studies comprising 16,099 families analyzed quantitatively. Moderator analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. Risk of bias within and across studies was assessed. Significant short-term effects were found for: children's social, emotional and behavioral outcomes (d=0.473); parenting practices (d=0.578); parenting satisfaction and efficacy (d=0.519); parental adjustment (d=0.340); parental relationship (d=0.225) and child observational data (d=0.501). Significant effects were found for all outcomes at long-term including parent observational data (d=0.249). Moderator analyses found that study approach, study power, Triple P level, and severity of initial child problems produced significant effects in multiple moderator models when controlling for other significant moderators. Several putative moderators did not have significant effects after controlling for other significant moderators. The positive results for each level of the Triple P system provide empirical support for a blending of universal and targeted parenting interventions to promote child, parent and family wellbeing.

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“…example, universal programs for ﬁ rst-time parents can enhance parental feelings of self-ef ﬁ cacy (Amin et al., 2018) and different programs increase parental use of positive reinforcement techniques and reduce parental use of corporal punishment (e.g., Leijten et al, 2018; Sanders et al., 2014).”
The Lighter Touch: Less-Restriction in Sequentially Implemented Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Children with Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Conditions
Woodford, E. C., McLay, L., France, K. G., & Blampied, N. M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06234-4 · Cited by 4
Optimizing trajectories of social adaptive competencies after extreme prematurity during the first 1000 days
Msall, M. E., Lagatta, J. M., & Bora, S. (2024) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2024.101531 · Cited by 5
Parenting Stress, Child Behavior Problems, and Household Chaos: Examining Parenting in Early Head Start Families
Froelich, J. M., & Gerstein, E. D. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-024-09845-1 · Cited by 4
“…in early childhood focus on the connections among sensitivity, behavior problems, and family stress, including the Triple P parenting program (Sanders et al., 2014) the Incredible Years program (Leijten et al., 2018), and mindfulness-based parenting programs are developing (Kil et al., 2021).”
Building Young Children’s Social–Emotional Competence at Home and in Early Care and Education Settings
Browne, C. H., & Shapiro, C. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39059-8_5 · Cited by 5
A Service-Based Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an All-Day Group Parenting Program
Tellegen, C. L., & Johnston, E. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0630-3 · Cited by 4
Building Fathering Competencies Through a Universal, Soft-Entry, Early Intervention and Prevention Service
Macfarlane, K. M., Hayes, A., Lakhani, A., & Hodgson, G. (2017) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2017.35 · Cited by 4
Peer Assisted Supervision and Support and Providers’ Use of Triple P- Positive Parenting Program
Owens, C. R., Haskett, M. E., & Norwalk, K. E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01385-w · Cited by 4
IMPACT OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION WITH PARENTS OF GIFTED STUDENTS
Costa-Lobo, C., Pinho-Pereira, S., Vestena, C. L. B., Piske, F. H. R., Stoltz, T., & Vázquéz-Justo, E. (2019) · INTED proceedings · doi:10.21125/inted.2019.0235 · Cited by 4
Do Comorbid Oppositional Symptoms Predict ADHD Behavioral Treatment Outcomes?
Elkins, S. R., Bond, M. A., & Curtis, D. F. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00894-5 · Cited by 4
Grupo de pais: aprendizagens de participantes do Programa ACT
Oliveira, J. L. A. P., Fiorini, M. C., Guisso, L., Vieira, M. L., & Crepaldi, M. A. (2021) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v15i1.2392 · Cited by 4
he First 1000 Days in the Nordic Countries: Psychosocial Interventions and Psychological Tests: A Review of the Evidence
Breivik, K., Eng, H., Kaiser, S., Karjalainen, P., Kurki, M., Kyrrestad, H., Laajasalo, T., Martinussen, M., Merikukka, M., Peltonen, K., et al. (2021) · Nordic Council of Ministers eBooks · doi:10.6027/nord2021-037 · Cited by 5
Attending to Task Demands: Systematic Observation of Parent Directives and Guidance in Varying Situational Contexts
Rusby, J. C., Prinz, R. J., Metzler, C. W., Crowley, R. N., & Sanders, M. R. (2021) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09637-x · Cited by 4
The Association between Parenting Confidence and Later Child Mental Health in the Area Affected by the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster: The Fukushima Health Management Survey
Mizuki, R., Maeda, M., Kobayashi, T., Horikoshi, N., Harigane, M., Itagaki, S., Nakano, H., Ohira, T., Yabe, H., Yasumura, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010476 · Cited by 4
“After participation in short-term parenting training programs, parenting self-efficacy was enhanced in mothers with infants [58] and in various caregivers (for a review, see [59]).”
Background
A Tailored Web-Based Video Intervention (ParentCoach) to Support Parents With Children With Sleeping Problems: User-Centered Design Approach
Preuhs, K., van Keulen, H. M., Andree, R., Wins, S., & van Empelen, P. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/33416 · Cited by 3
“In addition, improving parenting practices has been shown to benefit the well-being and overall development of both parents and children [8].”
Background
Eleven Reasons for Adaptation of Swedish Parenting Programs
Pettersson, K., Liedgren, P., Giannotta, F., & Schwarz, U. V. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.923504 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness and Imagery Enhanced Behavioral Parenting: Effectiveness Pilot of the Confident Carers Cooperative Kids Program
Donovan, M. O., Briscoe-Hough, K., Barkus, E., Herbert, J. S., Miller, L. M., Konza, G., & Pickard, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02502-y · Cited by 4
“…substantial evidence, with medium to large effect sizes shown for BPT over control groups for sustained improvements in child behavior, adaptive parenting, and parental wellbeing (Buchanan-Pascall et al., 2018; Kaminski & Claussen, 2017; Kazdin 2008; Sanders et al., 2014; van Aar et al., 2017).”
Background
Improving family health climate, effect of role modeling and maternal support in female students
Ostovarfar, J., Kaveh, M. H., Vardanjani, H. M., Ghahramani, L., Karimi, M., Asadollahi, A., & Zare, R. (2023) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-023-02015-7 · Cited by 4
“Perhaps the strongest predictor of these paths is the family quality of life and the parental environment in which the child is placed [1, 2].”
Background
Are emotionally competent adults emotionally available parents? Examination of theoretical and empirical relationships in a video‐recorded parent–child interaction clinical preschool‐aged sample
Müller, J. M., Hoppermann, S., Elvert, C., & Janßen, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23510 · Cited by 4
Level 4 Triple-P Positive Parenting Program and the Interaction of Parent-child With Special Needs: A Meta-analytic Study in Iran
Ashori, M. (2023) · Journal of Research and Health · doi:10.32598/jrh.13.3.1109.2 · Cited by 4
Promoting Empathy and Affiliation in Relationships (PEAR) study: protocol for a longitudinal study investigating the development of early childhood callous-unemotional traits
Wagner, N. J., Perkins, E. R., Rodriguez, Y., Ordway, C., Flum, M., Hernandez‐Pena, L., Perelstein, P., Sem, K., Paz, Y., Plate, R. C., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072742 · Cited by 4
“Figure 3 The Promoting Empathy and Affiliation in Relationships (PEAR) study will examine the interaction between low affiliation and low threat sensitivity in parents and children, as well as with parenting practices, to understand risk for callous-unemotional (CU) traits across early childhood.”
Background
Understanding Parenting Behavior in Junior Rugby League in Australia
Mallett, C. J., Sanders, M. R., Dittman, C. K., Kirby, J. N., & Rynne, S. B. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02744-4 · Cited by 5
“Thus, sport may be an important engagement point for fathers in supporting them to learn more constructive and effective parenting strategies both in sport and in the home, which is likely to be valuable given the low participation of fathers generally in parenting programs (Sanders et al., 2014).”
Influential
Pengaruh Modifikasi Positive Parenting Program terhadap Keterampilan Mindful Orang Tua dalam Pengasuhan Anak Usia Dini
Monalisa, M., Nomiko, D., & Ekawati, F. (2023) · Murhum Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.37985/murhum.v4i2.316 · Cited by 4
How Can Positive Psychology Influence Public Policy and Practice?
Tweed, R. G., Mah, E. Y., Dobrin, M., Poele, R. V., & Conway, L. G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51787-2_15 · Cited by 7
Faranak Parent-Child Mother Goose Program: Impact on Mother-Child Relationship for Mothers of Preschool Hearing Impaired Children
Koohi, R., Sajedi, F., Movallali, G., Dann, M., & Soltani, P. (2017) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.18869/nrip.irj.14.4.201 · Cited by 4
Do parents of children with metabolic diseases benefit from the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program? A pilot study
Mechelen, K. V., Kessels, I., Simons, A., & Glazemakers, I. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2018-0219 · Cited by 4
Mothers Affiliated with a Positive Parenting Program Report Rearing their Children Differently
Smith, M. M., & Holden, G. W. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01653-9 · Cited by 5
Parenting programme for mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder: benefits for Iranian mothers and children
Aghebati, A., Joekar, S., Shooshtari, M. H., Gharraee, B., & Sharif, Z. M. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1716743 · Cited by 5
“Internal consistency has been shown to be high (α = .96; Plant & Sanders, 2007; Sanders et al., 2000) with inter-item correlations of .30 to .87 and item-total correlation of .66 (Sanders et al., 2000).”
Background
Do implementation contexts for the Positive Parenting Program improve child and parental well-being?
Garcia, A. R., Kim, M., Myers, C., & Trinh, X. (2020) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/1468017320957497 · Cited by 6
“…aim to enhance modifiable family protective factors associated with dysfunctional parenting practices (Sanders, 2008), previous studies have typically examined outcomes related to parenting style (De Graaf et al., 2008) and parent adjustment, satisfaction, and efficacy (Sanders et al., 2014).”
Background
Preschoolers With ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Ryan‐Krause, P. (2016) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.11.010 · Cited by 4
Towards a Comprehensive, Evidence-Based System of Parenting Support over the Lifespan
Sanders, M. R., & Burke, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_34 · Cited by 4
Development of MyTeen Text Messaging Program to Support Parents of Adolescents: Qualitative Study
Chu, J. T. W., Wadham, A. K., Jiang, Y., Whittaker, R., Stasiak, K., Shepherd, M., & Bullen, C. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/15664 · Cited by 4
“There have been increasing calls to adopt a public health approach to parenting support [8,9].”
Background
Interventions to Improve Outcomes of Grandchildren Raised by Grandparents: A Systematic Review
Xu, Y., Pace, S., McCarthy, L. P., Harrison, T. M., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315221079352 · Cited by 4
Exploring Adaptation and Fidelity in Parenting Program Implementation: Implications for Practice With Families
Lize, S. E., Andrews, A. B., Whitaker, P., Shapiro, C. J., & Nelson, N. (2014) · Journal of Family Strengths · doi:10.58464/2168-670x.1253 · Cited by 4
An Unequal Chance to Parent : Examples on Support Fathers Receive from the Swedish Child Health Field
Wells, M. B. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4
An online, father‐inclusive parenting intervention for reducing child conduct problems: a randomised controlled trial of family man
Tully, L. A., Turnell, A. I., Morgan, B. G., Hawes, D. J., Anderson, J., Kean, A.-M., & Dadds, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14068 · Cited by 3
“The effect sizes achieved appear to be similar to those from intensive face-to-face parenting interventions (Sanders, Kirby, et al., 2014), which is perhaps unsurprising given high rates of father participation achieved and since prior research has found parenting interventions are more effective…”

Authors: Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Sanders, Matthew R.
ORCID: Sanders, Matthew R.
Kirby, James N.
Tellegen, Cassandra L.
Day, Jamin J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-06
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 337-357
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003
OpenAlex: W2147100455
Cited by: 1,077
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 86 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 17
FWCI: 10.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2014-12-01)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords: Triple P-Positive Parenting Program, parenting support, child behavior problems, parenting practices, parenting satisfaction, parental adjustment, parent-child relationship, child well-being, family well-being
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Personal Satisfaction, Social Support, Program Evaluation, Parenting

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The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support

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