Cited by 1,077Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBehavioral and Psychological StudiesChild Therapy and Development

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The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support

Sanders, Matthew R., Kirby, James N., Tellegen, Cassandra L., Day, Jamin J.·2014·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003

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Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of the multilevel Triple P-Positive Parenting Program system on a broad range of child, parent and family outcomes. Multiple search strategies identified 116 eligible studies conducted over a 33-year period, with 101 studies comprising 16,099 families analyzed quantitatively. Moderator analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. Risk of bias within and across studies was assessed. Significant short-term effects were found for: children's social, emotional and behavioral outcomes (d=0.473); parenting practices (d=0.578); parenting satisfaction and efficacy (d=0.519); parental adjustment (d=0.340); parental relationship (d=0.225) and child observational data (d=0.501). Significant effects were found for all outcomes at long-term including parent observational data (d=0.249). Moderator analyses found that study approach, study power, Triple P level, and severity of initial child problems produced significant effects in multiple moderator models when controlling for other significant moderators. Several putative moderators did not have significant effects after controlling for other significant moderators. The positive results for each level of the Triple P system provide empirical support for a blending of universal and targeted parenting interventions to promote child, parent and family wellbeing.

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Building Bridges Triple P: Pilot study of a behavioural family intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Mazzucchelli, T. G., Jenkins, M., & Sofronoff, K. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.018 · Cited by 33
“…principles are effective in preventing and treating mental health problems in children and improving parenting practices, family relationships, and parental adjustment (Mazzucchelli in press; Sanders et al., 2014; Sandler et al., 2011; Ward, Theule, & Cheung, 2016; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2017).”
Background
Preventive Behavioral Health Programs in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
Brown, C. L., Bignall, W. J. R., & Ammerman, R. T. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0611 · Cited by 31
More than Mental Health: Parent Physical Health and Early Childhood Behavior Problems
Cordts, K. M. P., Wilson, A. C., & Riley, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000755 · Cited by 29
“This may indicate that parents with physical health problems are good candidates for parent management training interventions, which are effective for both improving parenting self-efficacy and reducing child behavior problems.(23) It should be noted that such programs often include procedures that may be precluded by…”
Background
An evaluation of parents as behavior change agents in the Preschool Life Skills program
Gunning, C., Holloway, J., & Grealish, L. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.660 · Cited by 29
How-to parenting program: A randomized controlled trial evaluating its impact on parenting
Mageau, G. A., Joussemet, M., Robichaud, J., Larose, M., & Grenier, F. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101383 · Cited by 29
The international dissemination of evidence-based parenting interventions: impact on practitioner content and process self-efficacy
Sethi, S., Kerns, S. E. U., Sanders, M. R., & Ralph, A. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2014.917896 · Cited by 29
Parents’ Primary Professional Sources of Parenting Advice Moderate Predictors of Parental Attitudes toward Corporal Punishment
Taylor, C. A., McKasson, S., Hoy, G., & DeJong, W. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0586-3 · Cited by 29
“Examples include Play Nicely (Scholer et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2016), Incredible Years Parent Training Program (Beauchaine et al. 2005), and Triple P Positive Parenting Program (Sanders et al. 2014).”
Background
Rapid review to update evidence for Healthy Child Programme 0-5
Axford, N., Barlow, J., Coad, J. E., McMillan, A. S., Bjornstad, G. J., Berry, V., Wrigley, Z., Goodwin, A., Ohlson, C., Sonthalia, S., et al. (2015) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · Cited by 28
When a Non-resident Worker is a Non-resident Parent: Investigating the Family Impact of Fly-In, Fly-Out Work Practices in Australia
Dittman, C. K., Henriquez, A., & Roxburgh, N. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0437-2 · Cited by 28
“and ineffective parenting and rates of child behavior problems by enhancing positive parenting skills and parental confidence (Sanders et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Using Intervention Mapping to develop the Parents as Agents of Change (PAC©) intervention for managing pediatric obesity
Ball, G. D. C., Mushquash, A. R., Keaschuk, R. A., Ambler, K. A., & Newton, A. S. (2017) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2361-3 · Cited by 31
“CBT techniques can also be helpful in improving such parenting strategies and improving parent–child interactions [65, 66].”
Background
COMPARE Family (Children of Mentally Ill Parents at Risk Evaluation): A Study Protocol for a Preventive Intervention for Children of Mentally Ill Parents (Triple P, Evidence-Based Program That Enhances Parentings Skills, in Addition to Gold-Standard CBT With the Mentally Ill Parent) in a Multicenter RCT—Part II
Stracke, M., Gilbert, K., Kieser, M., Klose, C., Krisam, J., Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., & Christiansen, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00054 · Cited by 30
Educating parents to improve parent–child interactions: Fostering the development of attentional control and executive functioning
Spruijt, A. M., Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., & Swaab, H. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12312 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, 2-hr meetings with groups have previously been used in successful parenting programmes aimed at clinical populations (Elizur et al., 2017; Sanders et al., 2014).”
Background
Home-visiting interventions for families with complex and multiple problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of out-of-home placement and child outcomes
van Assen, A., Knot‐Dickscheit, J., Post, W. J., & Grietens, H. W. E. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104994 · Cited by 28
Effects of Triple P on Digital Technological Device Use in Preschool Children
Özyurt, G., Eliküçük, Ç. D., Çalışkan, Z., & Evgin, D. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0882-6 · Cited by 28
“The last and largest meta-analysis of Triple P (Sanders et al. 2014) showed that it was very effective in dealing with parenting stress (Sanders et al. 2014).”
Background
Promoting equity in the mental wellbeing of children and young people: a scoping review
Welsh, J., Strazdins, L., Ford, L., Friel, S., O'Rourke, K., Carbone, S., & Carlon, L. (2015) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dav053 · Cited by 37
“flexibility of the programme is particularly useful for families living in rural or remote areas where access to parenting services may be more limited (Sanders et al., 2014).”
Background
Effect of Parenting Interventions on Perinatal Depression and Implications for Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Adina, J., Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., & McBryde, M. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00371-3 · Cited by 28
Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary treatment with youth-initiated mentoring for youths with mental health needs from multi-problem families: a quasi-experimental study
Koper, N., Boin, Y., Creemers, H. E., van Dam, L., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Branje, S. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17506-6 · Cited by 29
“Notably, treatment programs that positively impact parents, such as parenting programs, have been shown to result in improvements in their children [77, 78].”
Background
The role of parenting self-efficacy on teacher-child relationships and parent-teacher communication: Evidence from an Australian national longitudinal study
Ma, T., Tellegen, C. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101296 · Cited by 36
An examination of father vulnerability and coercive family process after the birth of a sibling: A spillover cascade model
Stevenson, M. M., Volling, B. L., & Gonzalez, R. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941800010x · Cited by 27
Role of Universal Parenting Programs in Prevention
Salari, R., & Enebrink, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_32 · Cited by 28
Teaching Together: Pilot study of a tiered language and literacy intervention with Head Start teachers and linguistically diverse families
Zucker, T. A., Cabell, S. Q., Petscher, Y., Mui, H. Z., Landry, S., & Tock, J. L. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.09.001 · Cited by 23
Parenting Education in Islamic Families within the Framework of Family Resilience in Aceh, Indonesia
Abubakar, B., Sanusi, S., Razali, R., Yeniningsih, T. K., & Mujiburrahman, M. (2023) · SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam · doi:10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17901 · Cited by 62
A randomized controlled trial of a brief versus standard group parenting program for toddler aggression
Tully, L. A., & Hunt, C. J. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21689 · Cited by 30
A Multicomponent Early Intervention Program and Trajectories of Behavior, Cognition, and Health
Côté, S. M., Orri, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Doyle, O. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-3174 · Cited by 28
Prevention of behavior problems in a selected population: Stepping Stones Triple P for parents of young children with disabilities
Shapiro, C. J., Kilburn, J. E., & Hardin, J. W. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.036 · Cited by 26
Randomized controlled trial of Triple P for parents of children with asthma or eczema: Effects on parenting and child behavior.
Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000177 · Cited by 26
VIA Family—a family-based early intervention versus treatment as usual for familial high-risk children: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Müller, A. D., Gjøde, I. C. T., Eigil, M. S., Busck, H., Bonne, M., Nordentoft, M., & Thorup, A. A. E. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3191-0 · Cited by 26
“The parents are offered parental training based on the evidence-based Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) [51 – 53], with intensity and content according to their specific needs.”
Method
How Do Family-Focused Prevention Programs Work? A Review of Mediating Mechanisms Associated with Reductions in Youth Antisocial Behaviors
Fagan, A. A., & Benedini, K. M. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0207-0 · Cited by 29
Early Identification and Early Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rogers, S. J., & Talbott, M. R. (2016) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2016.05.004 · Cited by 30
Disciplinary Parenting Practice and Child Mental Health: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Rajyaguru, P., Moran, P., Cordero, M., & Pearson, R. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.033 · Cited by 25
Effects of parent–child interaction training on children who are excessively exposed to digital devices: A pilot study
Sadeghi, S., Pouretemad, H. R., Khosrowabadi, R., Fathabadi, J., & Nikbakht, S. (2019) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217419837070 · Cited by 27
Randomized Trial of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Improves Child-Welfare Parents’ Behavior, Self-Regulation, and Self-Perceptions
Skowron, E. A., Nekkanti, A. K., Skoranski, A. M., Scholtes, C. M., Lyons, E., Mills, K. L., Bard, D. E., Rock, A., Berkman, E. T., Bard, E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000859 · Cited by 18
“…attachment and biobehavioral catch-up, child – parent psychotherapy, and Triple P have documented ef ﬁ cacy for improving parent – child attachment processes and reducing parental stress, emotional biases, and parent anger (e.g., Bernard et al., 2015; Bernstein et al., 2019; Sanders et al., 2014).”
Background
The Associations Between Parenting Self-Efficacy and Parents’ Contributions to the Home-School Partnership Among Parents of Primary School Students: a Multilevel Meta-analysis
Ma, T., Tellegen, C. L., Hodges, J., & Sanders, M. R. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09937-3 · Cited by 66
“…suggests that participating in high-quality, culturally informed, evidence-based parenting programs can have positive and lasting effects on parenting self-efficacy and a range of child development, learning, and wellbeing outcomes (Morawska et al., 2019; Sanders et al., 2021; Sanders et al. 2014).”
An Open Trial of Parent–Child Care (PC-CARE)-A 6-Week Dyadic Parenting Intervention for Children with Externalizing Behavior Problems
Timmer, S. G., Hawk, B. N., Forte, L. A., Boys, D. K., & Urquiza, A. J. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0814-8 · Cited by 24
“One strategy for maximizing the effectiveness of parenting interventions for the largest numbers of families is to develop briefer, less intensive forms of interventions that could be provided to families in a variety of settings [13].”
Background

Authors: Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Sanders, Matthew R.
ORCID: Sanders, Matthew R.
Kirby, James N.
Tellegen, Cassandra L.
Day, Jamin J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-06
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 337-357
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003
OpenAlex: W2147100455
Cited by: 1,077
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 86 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 17
FWCI: 10.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2014-12-01)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords: Triple P-Positive Parenting Program, parenting support, child behavior problems, parenting practices, parenting satisfaction, parental adjustment, parent-child relationship, child well-being, family well-being
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Personal Satisfaction, Social Support, Program Evaluation, Parenting

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The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support

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