Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence.

In the paper

“mothers who experienced CSA were observed to exhibit less sensitive parenting”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (page not available in our copy) states that mothers with childhood sexual trauma histories were observed to be less sensitive in caregiving than mothers without similar histories. This directly supports the cited sentence. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Zvara et al., 2015 source
• Disputed

  The Results (Sensitive parenting and the moderating role of child sex; page unavailable) found no significant overall difference in observed sensitive parenting between mothers with and without childhood sexual trauma histories. Instead, mothers with trauma histories were significantly more sensitive toward daughters than sons, so the unqualified claim that they exhibited less sensitive parenting misstates this study's finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Several narrative reviews over the past 30 years have evaluated the literature that addresses this question, frequently noting the limited methodological rigor of the contributing studies”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kaufman & Zigler, 1987 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ertem et al., 2000 source
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports 31 publications reviewing this literature and describes the underlying studies as methodologically weak. But it says many reviews did not evaluate the studies’ methodological rigor, rather than frequently noting that limitation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Thornberry et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“these other forms of compromised parenting are also associated with increased risk for negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes among children”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that early spanking was associated with increased externalizing behavior across the racial and ethnic groups studied. That supports the behavioral-outcomes part of the claim, but the paper does not establish the broader claim about other compromised parenting behaviors or social and emotional outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Gershoff et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kawabata et al., 2011 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pinquart, 2017 source

In the paper

“Several studies document a dose response in which multiple types of childhood victimization and/or repeated instances of maltreatment were associated with the greatest risk of adult perpetration”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that people with two or more childhood reports of neglect or mixed maltreatment types had much higher rates of alleged perpetration; the Discussion says sustained exposure, particularly neglect, was most critical. This supports the repeated-maltreatment component, but the paper does not establish the claimed dose-response pattern across multiple types of victimization or show that several studies documented it. The study concerns alleged perpetration in young adulthood in a low-income sample. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report that increasing numbers of adverse childhood experiences were associated with higher rates of infant spanking, and the Discussion reports a 1.6-times higher likelihood among mothers with at least two such experiences. The study supports a dose-response association for this specific form of adult behavior, but it does not establish the broader claim about adult perpetration or a dose response for repeated instances of maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Chung et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dubowitz et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Three studies of relatively large community samples found an association between reported experiences of past CPA and the use of physical punishment when other types of maltreatment and sociodemographic risk factors were included in the model”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett, 2009, 2010
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 source
• Supported

  The Results report that childhood physical discipline remained significantly associated with adult use of potentially injurious physical discipline in a model including all childhood adversities, with controls for adult household income. The Discussion identifies the study as a Japanese community sample. This paper supports its place as one of the studies described; it does not need to establish the findings of the other two. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Umeda et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Others found similar associations between witnessing IPV as a child and use of physical discipline”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results state that witnessing violence between parents was associated with using physical punishment to discipline a child. The Discussion likewise says parents who had witnessed violence between their parents were more likely to hit as punishment. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Al Dosari et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 source

In the paper

“These findings held even after controlling for other child and adult risk factors”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that repeated reports of neglect or mixed forms of maltreatment remained significantly associated with young-adult perpetration after controlling for family, adolescent, and adult risk factors. This supports the claim for those specific maltreatment findings. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Ben-David et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“For example, among a large, ethnically-diverse sample of young adult parents with and without reports of child abuse and neglect prior to the age of 12, repeated instances of neglect or multiple types of abuse experiences were associated with adult perpetration of abuse or neglect, controlling for other child and adult risk factors”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In a small subset of studies, problematic but non-abusive parenting practices or characteristics (e.g., hostility or low parenting confidence) have been found to mediate the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and child psychopathology”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The paper’s introductory discussion reports that earlier studies found maladaptive parenting to mediate the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring difficulties. Its Mediation analysis and Independent mediating effects sections find that maladaptive parenting—including hostility—mediated only in a pathway following postnatal depression, not independently. The paper does not identify low parenting confidence as a mediator, and its parenting measure also includes slapping, so it does not fully support the examples as exclusively non-abusive practices. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Plant et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Studies in which the additive effects of multiple maltreatment experiences were examined consistently indicated that a history of childhood abuse, neglect, and/or interparental violence was associated with greater likelihood of perpetrating physical abuse or neglect on one’s children”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ben-David, 2016 source
• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion report that mothers with two or more adverse childhood experiences were more likely to spank their 11-month-old infants. That supports an association with a form of physical punishment, but the study did not assess childhood neglect or whether mothers perpetrated physical abuse or neglect of their children. It also cannot establish that multiple studies consistently found the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Chung et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Four studies examined the association of parents’ childhood abuse experiences with their subsequent neglect of their children, finding that a history of sexual abuse, physical abuse or having a violent parent was associated with neglectful parenting”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ethier et al., 1995 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, 2009 source
• Supported

  The Methods define parenting role impairment as failing to provide a child’s basic needs and care. The Results report that childhood sexual abuse and having a mother with violence problems increased the likelihood of role impairment in the Southwest tribe; they also report a relationship between childhood physical abuse and role impairment in the Northern Plains tribe that was mediated by substance use disorder. This paper supports its place among the studies described, though it does not itself establish the citing sentence’s count of four studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Libby et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“while the other found evidence of mediation by adolescent problem behaviors, and “precocious transitions” (i.e., school drop-out; independent living) (Augustyn et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (page not provided) explicitly report that the summed adolescent problem-behavior score and the summed precocious-transition score mediated the link between maltreatment victimization and later perpetration. The paper includes school dropout and independent living among precocious transitions; it specifically identifies school dropout as a significant mediator. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Augustyn et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“followed from childhood into adulthood found that the combined effects of sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect and/or witnessing violence predicted parents’ use of severe physical discipline, child neglecting behavior, and reports to protective services (Banyard et al., 2003; Milaniak & Widom, 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• Partly supported

  The Method and Discussion describe a prospective cohort in which documented childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect predicted later perpetration of child abuse. The paper does not identify witnessing violence as an exposure or report the claimed outcomes of severe physical discipline, child-neglecting behavior, and reports to protective services; its child-abuse outcome used self-reports and arrest records. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Milaniak & Widom, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Further, mothers’ experiences of adult IPV have consistently – and across demographically varied samples – mediated the relationship between reported past childhood maltreatment and use of physical and psychological aggression as a parent (Barrett, 2010; Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998; Fulu et al., 2017; Miranda, de la Osa, Granero, & Ezpeleta, 2013; Schuetze & Eiden, 2005).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998 source
• Partly supported

  The Results describe a pathway from women’s childhood maltreatment through their experience of physical IPV to harsh parenting. But the Discussion says harsh parenting was measured only as smacking or beating, not psychological aggression. This multi-country study also does not establish that the mediation occurs consistently across demographically varied samples. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Fulu et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“in fact, only a small percentage of adults who were abused as children abuse their own children (Augustyn et al., 2019; Egeland et al., 1988; Madigan et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that 84% of childhood-limited victims and 66% of adolescent victims did not subsequently engage in maltreating behaviors, supporting the point that most did not become perpetrators. But the corresponding 34% for adolescent victims is not clearly a small percentage, and the study measured substantiated maltreatment of a child, not specifically abuse of participants’ own children (Data and Method, Maltreatment measures). (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Egeland et al., 1988 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Madigan et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“most tests of mediation were unsupported (Banyard et al., 2003; Libby et al., 2008; Pears & Capaldi, 2001; Zuravin & Fontanella, 1999).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) say lifetime depression did not meet the mediation criteria in either tribe, supporting the claim for depression. The Methods and Results describe tests of lifetime diagnoses, not mediation by PTSD symptoms; the Results also report several supported mediation effects for substance use disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Libby et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 source

In the paper

“One found no relationship between adolescent delinquency or substance use and subsequent perpetration of child physical maltreatment (Capaldi et al., 2019)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that neither delinquency nor substance use significantly predicted later physical maltreatment of the participants’ children. However, those behaviors were measured in adulthood, when the children were age 3, not during adolescence. The claim is therefore supported for the finding but not for the timing of the predictors. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Capaldi et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“While adults’ depression and PTSD symptoms have been found to contribute unique variance to abusive parenting practices (e.g., Banyard et al., 2003; Libby et al., 2008; Pears & Capaldi, 2001)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (Table 3; page not provided) show that lifetime depression was associated with lower parenting satisfaction in multivariate models of two American Indian tribes. The paper does not establish that depression or PTSD symptoms contribute unique variance to abusive parenting practices: it reports no PTSD analysis, and its measured outcomes were parenting satisfaction and role impairment. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Libby et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 source

In the paper

“nor did attitudes related to corporal punishment (Chung et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods (Statistical Analysis) test whether corporal-punishment attitudes mediated the association between childhood physical abuse and infant spanking, and the Discussion says they did not. Mediation is distinct from moderation; the passages do not report a moderation test. The study also does not identify neglect among the childhood experiences it measured. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites Chung et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Fulu et al. (2017) found direct and indirect pathways from witnessed abuse of one’s mother, child maltreatment, and adult IPV victimization to physical abuse of one’s child.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results describe a direct path from women witnessing abuse of their mother to their own harsh parenting, as well as pathways through child maltreatment and physical IPV victimization. They also report that a male partner beating the children mediated the association between his violence toward the woman and her harsh parenting. The paper defines the measured harsh parenting as smacking or beating children (Discussion); no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Fulu et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Adults with child maltreatment histories were 2.5–3 times more likely to perpetrate CPA than adults without such experiences, whether documented by arrest reports or self-reports of abusive behavior (Milaniak & Widom, 2015).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that adults with childhood abuse or neglect histories were almost three times more likely than matched controls to perpetrate child abuse, using a measure combining arrests and self-reports. But the Results report separate adjusted odds ratios of 1.55 for arrests and 1.61 for self-reports, not 2.5–3 for each measure. The Methods specify physical behavior for the self-report item but describe the arrest measure only as arrests for child abuse, so the physical-abuse qualifier is not established for both measures. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Milaniak & Widom, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, Mills-Koonce, and Cox (2017); Zvara, Mills-Koonce, Appleyard Carmody, and Cox (2015) found that women reporting past CSA exhibited more intrusive parenting behaviors during an observed interaction with their young children compared to 99 matched controls.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zvara et al., 2017
• Supported

  The Results report that mothers with childhood sexual trauma were observed to show more harsh intrusive parenting than mothers without it. The matching analysis in Results identifies 99 women without childhood sexual trauma in the comparison group. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Zvara et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Similarly, Rodriguez and Tucker (2011) did not find an association between CPA and problematic parenting in a small study of mothers.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report no significant correlation between mothers’ reported childhood abuse history and overall dysfunctional parenting style. The Participants section describes a small sample of 73 maternal caregivers. The paper measured reported abuse history rather than independently verified childhood physical abuse. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Rodriguez & Tucker, 2011 source

In the paper

“In contrast, Zvara and colleagues (Zvara et al., 2015; Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox, 2017) did not find that income, education, marital stability or child sex attenuated the effect of past CSA on harsh parenting.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not given) says that higher income, higher education, and stable adult relationships did not attenuate the potential effects of childhood sexual trauma on parenting. The Results report more harsh intrusive parenting among mothers with trauma histories, but the paper’s moderation analyses address income, education, and marital instability—not child sex. The child-sex portion of the claim is therefore unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zvara et al., 2017

In the paper

“Further, among a community sample of 173 mothers oversampled for childhood maltreatment and their 6-month old children, no relationships emerged between reported histories of any type of child maltreatment and observed hostile parenting (Huth-Bocks, Muzik, Beeghly, Earls, & Stacks, 2014; Sexton, Davis, Menke, Raggio, & Muzik, 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report no significant association between maternal childhood maltreatment severity and negative parenting; the Discussion clarifies that negative parenting here means hostile-intrusive parenting. But the Method describes 115 mothers in this analysis, with maternal behavior assessed at 7 months, not 173 mothers with 6-month-old children. The reported analysis concerns overall maltreatment severity, not separate relationships for every type of maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Huth-Bocks et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sexton et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Potential protective factors (income, education, marital stability) did not attenuate the effects, but other forms of childhood maltreatment were not assessed.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zvara et al., 2017
• Supported

  The Discussion states that higher income, higher education, and stable adult relationships did not attenuate the potential effects of childhood sexual trauma on parenting behaviors. The Results identify harsh intrusive parenting as one of the parenting behaviors examined in the moderation analysis. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“three studies found support for indirect models in which maternal mental health mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and sensitive parenting (Pereira et al., 2012; Spieker et al., 2018; Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, et al., 2017)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pereira et al., 2012 source
• Partly supported

  The Results report a pathway from parental childhood adversity to depressive symptoms to sensitivity to child distress, supporting the cited indirect model in part. The study measured broader childhood adversity rather than maltreatment specifically, and depression was not associated with sensitivity to non-distress. The Discussion also calls the evidence for depression’s mediating role modest because adversity and depression were measured concurrently. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Spieker et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Results report significant indirect pathways from maternal childhood sexual trauma to sensitive parenting at 15 months through prenatal distress and, in two pathways, postnatal depressive symptoms. The Discussion identifies these as key mediators. This paper supports the claim as one of the three cited studies; it examines childhood sexual trauma specifically, rather than all forms of maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“composite reports of childhood maltreatment were not associated with observed positive parenting (Huth-Bocks et al., 2014; Moehler et al., 2007; Sexton et al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2019)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that maternal childhood maltreatment severity was unrelated to positive parenting (all relevant correlations were non-significant). The Method describes positive parenting as a composite of ratings of maternal behavior during observed tasks. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Huth-Bocks et al., 2014 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moehler et al., 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sexton et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“childhood experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with both observed and interview-rated supportive parenting among a group of 122 parents followed from birth (Labella et al., 2019)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that childhood abuse and neglect were associated with lower observed and interview-rated supportive parenting (r = −.26 for each). The Method identifies a sample of 122 adult participants from a longitudinal study that followed them from birth. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Labella et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“with one exception (Labella et al., 2019), studies in this section relied on retrospective reporting of parental childhood maltreatment.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Method section describes assessment of participants’ childhood abuse and neglect using records and observations collected from birth through age 17.5, rather than relying on adult retrospective reports. The Discussion explicitly identifies the study’s prospective design as a strength. This supports citing Labella et al. as the exception; the citation does not establish the methods of every other study in the citing paper’s section. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Labella et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and lower levels of positive parenting behaviors and affect via mothers’ mental health”

In the paper

“parents who report experiencing physical abuse or witnessing violence in the home during childhood are at increased risk for reporting that they engage in abusive or neglectful parenting”

In the paper

“associations between reported childhood maltreatment experiences and parents’ problematic role reversal with, rejection of, and withdrawal from their children”

In the paper

“indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and abusive parenting via adult intimate partner violence”

In the paper

“a cumulative effect of maltreatment experiences, such that adults who report experiencing multiple types or repeated instances of victimization are at greatest risk for perpetrating child abuse”

In the paper

“Strong evidence emerged in support of the cumulative impact of multiple types of child victimization and/ or repeated instances of maltreatment in childhood.”

In the paper

“Although amongst a small sample of low-income adolescent mothers, neglectful mothers were not more likely than non-neglectful mothers to report having been neglected or beaten”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zuravin & DiBlasio, 1992 source

In the paper

“Kim, Pears, Fisher, Connelly, and Landsverk (2010) found a small inverse relationship between mothers’ reported CSA experiences and their use of punitive discipline.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kim et al., 2010

In the paper

“Using a more robust semi-structured interview, Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox (2017) found no differences in child-directed physical aggression between a group of mothers with childhood sexual trauma experiences and a group of matched controls.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zvara et al., 2017

In the paper

“Likewise, physically abusive parents were more likely to report childhood physical abuse (CPA) experiences than non-abusive parents.”

In the paper

“A limitation of all these studies is the fact that they did not control for other, co-occurring, experiences of childhood maltreatment.”

In the paper

“Among a large, nationally representative sample, mothers who experienced both physical abuse and witnessed IPV were twice as likely to physically abuse their children compared to mothers who experienced just one form of violence”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heyman & Slep, 2002 source

In the paper

“across these studies researchers consistently found that parents who reported experiencing physical abuse in childhood were more likely than non-abused parents to report engaging in physically aggressive behaviors toward their child.”

In the paper

“Findings were mixed for the impact of childhood sexual abuse (CSA).”

In the paper

“in a large, nationally representative community sample adolescent mothers with a history of childhood neglect were 2.6 times more likely to report neglectful parenting than those who did not, controlling for other risk factors, including having been physically abused”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, 2009 source

In the paper

“Jackson et al. (1999) identified a unique effect of witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) on the use of physical discipline among a community sample of parents.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jackson et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“In contrast, Collin-Vézina, Cyr, Pauzé, and McDuff (2005) found no association between maternal CSA and use of physical punishment among 93 Canadian mothers referred to youth protection services.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Controlling for CPA and neglect, Banyard (1997) found a positive association between CSA and the use of physical punishment among a sample of low-income women that included women referred to child protective services (CPS) and matched controls.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard, 1997 source

In the paper

“Further, in cluster analysis, physically abusive parents tended to report greater levels of cumulative abuse histories compared with parents who scored low on the use of physical discipline”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thompson et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“Three of these studies suggest that mothers who report having experienced CSA may be more likely to be highly emotionally involved with their children and to rely heavily on their children to meet their emotional needs (Alexander et al., 2000; Burkett, 1991; Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alexander et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Burkett, 1991 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 source

In the paper

“in a study of 127 low-income, African-American mothers of school aged children, mothers with a history that included CSA reported that they engaged in less role-reversal with their children compared with mothers with a history of only CPA or no abuse history.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marcenko et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“One study found that mental health symptoms moderated the risk of intergenerational transmission for parents who experienced childhood victimization, but not in the expected direction.”

In the paper

“Finally, cultural factors (familism, machismo, valuing children) did not moderate relationships between childhood abuse/neglect and physical punishment among a diverse sample of parents (Ferrari, 2002)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source

In the paper

“Associations between both mothers’ and fathers’ childhood experiences of psychological aggression and corporal punishment and their use of these strategies with their preschool aged children were stronger when parenting stress was high (Niu et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Niu et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“Relatedly, supportive relationships also did not mediate physical or sexual abuse in childhood and use of punitive discipline. (Banyard et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“Pears and Capaldi (2001) found that high levels of abuse in parents’ childhood coupled with high levels of depression and PTSD symptoms made it less likely that parents would abuse their children”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 source

In the paper

“Education, however, was inversely associated with aggressive parenting of boys (but not girls) for both mothers and fathers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simons et al., 1991 source

In the paper

“Controlling for all these factors, the direct relationship between experiencing aggressive parenting in childhood and engaging in aggressive parenting in adulthood remained significant, suggesting that alternative pathways warrant investigation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simons et al., 1991 source

In the paper

“several authors found a significant association between fathers’ history of physical childhood abuse and hitting their own children (Ellonen et al., 2017; Heyman & Slep, 2002; Simons et al., 1991)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellonen et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heyman & Slep, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simons et al., 1991 source

In the paper

“Studies of parental mental health symptoms as mediators of the relationship between childhood victimization and parental perpetration report more mixed findings than those for IPV.”

In the paper

“In contrast, parenting stress moderated the intergenerational transmission of abuse among a large sample of middle-class Chinese parents.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Niu et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“The only exception was a study of primarily low-income, African-American mothers by Schuetze and Eiden (2005) in which depressive symptoms were found to mediate the relationship between past CSA and use of punitive discipline.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schuetze & Eiden, 2005 source

In the paper

“Frías-Armenta and McCloskey (1998), for example, found support for a serial mediation model in which maternal history of abuse was associated with family dysfunction (marital violence and maternal & paternal alcohol use) which was in turn associated with authoritarian parenting style (including parents’ disciplinary beliefs and strategies) which was associated with verbal and physical coercive tac”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998 source

In the paper

“Among subsequent studies, one of the most consistent findings is the increased risk imparted by exposure to domestic violence.”

In the paper

“supportive relationships did not moderate the transmission of harsh physical discipline in a prospective community sample (Banyard et al., 2003; Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source

In the paper

“but findings related to its role in the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment were mixed.”

In the paper

“an examination of a community sample of mothers with and without a history of childhood trauma found no association between mothers’ reported CSA or other interpersonal, or noninterpersonal trauma and their reports of permissive parenting (Schwerdtfeger, Larzelere, Werner, Peters, & Oliver, 2013)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“However, the association between a high level of adverse childhood events and self-reported hostile parenting disappeared when adjusted for marital status, education, and ethnicity, underscoring the importance of accounting for broader environmental stressors in the examination of predictors of harsh parenting (Oosterman, Schuengel, Forrer, & De Moor, 2019).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oosterman et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“Seltmann and Wright (2013) found similar results among 54 maternal survivors of familial CSA; severity of abuse was associated with reported limit setting indirectly through mothers’ depressive symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 source

In the paper

“CSA was most strongly associated with decreased maternal involvement and a flattened affect.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996

In the paper

“While dissociative symptoms were found to mediate the association between physical and emotional abuse and neglect and inconsistent discipline (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“in a study of 246 parents of 8–11 year old children, while mothers’ family-of-origin experiences of witnessed and experienced aggression were unrelated to their parenting strategies”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Margolin et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“A study of 45 low-income mothers of infants found that a reported history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse was associated with observed emotionally withdrawn caregiving behaviors (Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996

In the paper

“mothers of 8–11 year old children who demonstrated mid- and high-levels of anger, hostility, psychological control, and psychological unavailability reported higher levels of childhood emotional abuse than mothers who exhibited low levels of these parenting behaviors”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCullough et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCullough et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“These somewhat conflicting findings may be clarified by two studies that found that only dual CPA and CSA experiences were associated with self-reported and observed harsh discipline, suggesting that polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk of engaging in harsh or hostile parenting (Ehrensaft, Knous-Westfall, Cohen, & Chen, 2015; Pasalich, Cyr, Zheng, Mcmahon, & Spieker, 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ehrensaft et al., 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pasalich et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“A community sample of 105 mothers of toddlers reporting histories of childhood maltreatment were more likely to report an authoritarian parenting style, characterized by greater levels of physical punishment, verbal hostility, and nonreasoning punishment, compared to mothers reporting no childhood maltreatment or only noninterpersonal trauma (Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“This effect has been replicated among 318 Spanish mothers of children and adolescents referred for mental health treatment (Miranda et al., 2013) and among 150 Israeli mothers of young children (Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miranda et al., 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017 source

In the paper

“In contrast, among a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient services, reported past CSA was negatively associated with authoritarian parenting, when physical abuse and growing up in an alcoholic home were controlled (Ruscio, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruscio, 2001 source

In the paper

“Four studies provide limited but consistent evidence that parents’ reported experiences of childhood maltreatment, especially CSA, are associated with difficulty in responding to their children’s needs.”

In the paper

“However, among 45 low-income mothers and their 18-month-old children, a history of CPA but not CSA was associated with observed hostile parenting (Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996

In the paper

“Locke and Newcomb (2004); Newcomb and Locke (2001) found that among a larger community sample of parents, a composite childhood maltreatment history variable predicted a latent factor of poor parenting practices that included rejection, aggression, neglect and low warmth.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Locke & Newcomb, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Newcomb & Locke, 2001 source

In the paper

“Findings from two small studies of women receiving social and/or mental health services (Jaffe, Cranston, & Shadlow, 2012; Ruscio, 2001) suggest a possible association between mothers’ reported histories of CSA and their reported permissive parenting.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jaffe et al., 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruscio, 2001 source

In the paper

“In these studies, maternal childhood abuse and neglect experiences were associated with self-reported and child-reported maternal rejection.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miranda et al., 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017 source

In the paper

“In one study, mothers who were victims of incestuous and alcoholic fathers reported being less consistent with their children as compared to adult children of alcoholics with no history of incest and women with no known childhood trauma or other risk factors (Cole, Woolger, Power, & Smith, 1992)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cole et al., 1992 source

In the paper

“In a small group comparison study, mothers with a history of familial CSA (n = 26) scored lower on limit setting and expectations for their children’s behavior compared with mothers without a CSA history (n = 28) (T. Cohen, 1995).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites T. Cohen, 1995 source

In the paper

“In addition, Alexander et al. (2000) found that emotional over-involvement may be moderated by the presence of a supportive adult intimate relationship.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alexander et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“among fathers, family-of-origin experiences of aggression were associated with doing nothing or yelling in response to children’s misbehavior (Margolin, Gordis, Medina, & Oliver, 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Margolin et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“Further, the relationship between punitive discipline and positive structure was mediated by mothers’ dissociative symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source

In the paper

“mothers in the group that scored lowest on observed sensitivity were more likely to report a history of CPA than mothers in the sensitive-engaged group”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driscoll and Easterbrooks (2007) source

In the paper

“Similarly, among 6–11 year old CPS-referred children (n = 93), maternal reported history of CSA was not associated with reported monitoring and supervision when other forms of childhood maltreatment were controlled (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“did not find that psychological distress mediated the relationship between mothers’ abuse history and their emotional availability with their infants (Fuchs et al., 2015)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fuchs et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“mothers with reported CSA and CPA histories and matched controls did not differ in their displays of emotional availability when their infants were 5 months old”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fuchs et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Four studies underscore the role of parental mental health symptoms in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and positive parenting behaviors.”

In the paper

“Findings in this group were quite mixed.”

In the paper

“In a study of 64 mothers of school-aged children, all reported forms of childhood maltreatment (CSA, CPA, and physical and emotional abuse and neglect) were negatively associated with observations of mothers’ supportive responses to children’s negative emotions (Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 source

In the paper

“a more methodologically rigorous study of the impact of CSA on parenting among a community sample of 483 predominantly low-income African American mothers, found that women with and without a reported history of CSA did not differ on their reported use of nonviolent discipline.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2009 source

In the paper

“Results of a study by Kim, Trickett, and Putnam (2010) suggest that CSA is not directly or indirectly associated with mothers’ ability to provide positive structure for their sexually abused daughters”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source

In the paper

“In a study of parents of 8–11-year-old children, Margolin et al. (2003) did not find a relationship between reported family of origin aggression (CPA, or IPV between parents) and positive parenting behaviors (consistency, structure, reasoning, and a nonrestrictive attitude) for mothers or fathers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Margolin et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“However, mothers’ who were more resolved regarding their traumatic past showed greater levels of sensitive guidance with their children (Koren-Karie et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koren-Karie et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“However, in two small studies of mothers who were survivors of incest, survivors had lower mean scores on communication compared to mothers without a history of CSA (T. Cohen, 1995)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites T. Cohen, 1995 source

In the paper

“Fujiwara et al. (2012) found that Japanese mothers residing in shelters reporting a history of CPA were less likely to report praising their children, even after controlling for domestic violence and mental health symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fujiwara et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Cohen (1995) found that women with a history of CSA reported lower levels of emotional communication, compared to women without a history of CSA”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen, 1995 source

In the paper

“Finally the relationship between mothers’ CSA experiences and their observed supportive and unsupportive responses to their children’s negative emotions were mediated by mothers’ emotional over-involvement (Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 source

In the paper

“Similarly, in a study of 54 survivors of familial CSA, severity of abuse was found to affect limit setting and communication only indirectly through mothers’ depressive symptoms (Seltmann & Wright, 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 source

In the paper

“Indeed, in a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient therapy services, women with histories of CSA did not differ from the normative sample on their reported use of authoritative parenting practices, controlling for CPA and SES.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruscio, 2001 source

In the paper

“rather this form of parenting was indirectly predicted by reports of childhood experiences of punitive discipline, a factor representing physical punishment, verbal punishment, and guilt induction.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source

In the paper

“Finally, in a study of 33 mothers with a history of CSA and their school-aged children, there were no bivariate associations between the severity of mothers’ CSA experiences and observations of their sensitive guidance during a discussion of emotions with their children.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koren-Karie et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“identified an indirect association between childhood maltreatment and maternal dyadic reciprocity through mothers’ lower attentional bias to infant (versus adult) faces”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Thompson-Booth et al. (2019)

In the paper

“and maternal histories of CSA were linked indirectly with lower levels of communication via maternal depressive symptoms (Seltmann & Wright, 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 source

In the paper

“However, women reporting both CSA involving penetration and dysfunctional parenting attitudes reported lower levels of authoritative parenting (Ruscio, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruscio, 2001 source

In the paper

“A study of a community sample of primarily White, middle-class adolescents and their mothers (n = 913) did not find that mothers’ reported CSA experiences predicted child-reported monitoring or communication effectiveness (Testa, Hoffman, & Livingston, 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Testa et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“fathers who reported a history of childhood abuse or neglect were, in one study, less likely to use physical punishment with their children than fathers who did not report experiencing childhood maltreatment (Ferrari, 2002)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source

In the paper

“witnessing violence in the home in childhood also emerged as a consistent correlate of subsequent parental violence perpetration, with unique and multiplicative effects.”

In the paper

“adult IPV experiences also were found to be a significant mediating pathway in the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment for mothers.”

In the paper

“Notable, however, is the consistent finding that implicates the indirect effect of mothers’ mental health and posttraumatic symptoms (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005; Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010; Rea & Shaffer, 2016; Seltmann & Wright, 2013) which, when not resolved (Choi et al., 2019), can interfere with mothers’ sensitive support of their children’s emotional development (Koren-Karie et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 source

In the paper

“Retrospectively reported childhood maltreatment also was consistently associated with parents’ emotional rejection of and withdrawal from their infants, school-aged children, and adolescents, for both mothers and fathers.”

In the paper

“Collectively this small body of literature suggests a weak, and likely indirect, association between childhood maltreatment experiences and parenting satisfaction.”

In the paper

“Surprisingly little information emerged on cultural and socioeconomic factors as potential mediators or moderators of the association between childhood maltreatment and parenting behaviors”

In the paper

“Limited sociodemographic resources and low family support also were associated with the risk of child maltreatment among mothers who had no personal history of childhood maltreatment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites St-Laurent et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“there was general consistency in findings that a history of CPA confers increased risk for engaging in abusive or neglectful parenting, either directly or indirectly.”

In the paper

“Studies of parents’ sensitivity, responsivity, emotional availability, and warmth and nurturance tended to use composite variables, precluding an examination of each of these constructs individually.”

In the paper

“the literature tends to incorporate conceptualizations of intergenerational maltreatment that reflect the second generations’ maltreatment either including (1) experiences that occur at the hands of any adult (what Madigan et al. (2019) refers to as victim-to-victim transmission) or (2) only that which occurs at the hands of the maltreated parent (victim-to-perpetrator transmission).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Madigan et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“Thus, childhood experiences of maltreatment may alter parents’ ability to avoid negative and utilize positive parenting practices.”

In the paper

“growing evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment experiences also affect parenting practices”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Savage et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“reduced positive parenting outcomes can also have detrimental effects on children”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kawabata et al., 2011 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Serbin et al., 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stormshak et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“suggesting that the relationship between past sexual abuse and subsequent violent parenting may hold only for child protection-referred samples of mothers.”

In the paper

“Given the more rigorous methodology of these prospective studies, they provide strong evidence in support of the increased risk for adult perpetration of maltreatment associated with childhood victimization.”

In the paper

“The lack of robust findings for a directly mediated pathway through mental health symptoms may suggest a more complex process involving additional unmeasured variables.”

In the paper

“Thus, parents who were maltreated as children may be at greater risk of engaging in other forms of compromised parenting behaviors – including role reversal and rejecting, controlling, permissive, or intrusive behaviors.”

In the paper

“suggesting that polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk of engaging in harsh or hostile parenting (Ehrensaft, Knous-Westfall, Cohen, & Chen, 2015; Pasalich, Cyr, Zheng, Mcmahon, & Spieker, 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ehrensaft et al., 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pasalich et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“a strength of this body of literature is that the majority of parenting assessments (78%) were based on observers’ ratings during parent-child interactions.”

In the paper

“These findings suggest that childhood abusive experiences, particularly CPA experiences, may interfere with the developing relationship between mothers and their infants.”

In the paper

“our results suggest that a link between childhood exposure to intra-familial violence, either directly in the form of physical abuse or as a witness to domestic violence, is of particular concern for subsequent abusive or neglectful parenting.”

In the paper

“the extant studies suggest a complex picture of combined environmental, familial, and individual influences that serve to increase or reduce the risks of transmitting victimization and its aftereffects from one generation to another.”

In the paper

“the possibility that under some circumstances parents with abuse histories may be particularly resilient and may be able to break the intergenerational cycle of abuse in parenting their children.”

In the paper

“a potential role for post-traumatic dissociative problems as contributors to or mediators of these adverse intergenerational relationships is suggested by a small number of studies that warrant replication.”

In the paper

“By including exposure to violence in the home as a witness in childhood, the current review identified the potential role of living in a violent family in childhood as an ecological framework for intergenerational transmission of victimization.”