Longitudinal links between spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families
Open accessAbstract
This study examined whether the longitudinal links between mothers’ use of spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors are moderated by family race/ethnicity, as would be predicted by cultural normativeness theory, once mean differences in frequency of use are controlled. A nationally representative sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families (n = 11,044) was used to test a cross-lagged path model from 5 to 8 years old. While race/ethnic differences were observed in the frequency of spanking, no differences were found in the associations of spanking and externalizing over time: Early spanking predicted increases in children’s externalizing while early child externalizing elicited more spanking over time across all race/ethnic groups.
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Compromised parenting behaviors are associated with increased risk for negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes among children.
“these other forms of compromised parenting are also associated with increased risk for negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes among children”
From Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence. (2020) · cites this paper as Gershoff et al., 2012
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that early spanking was associated with increased externalizing behavior across the racial and ethnic groups studied. That supports the behavioral-outcomes part of the claim, but the paper does not establish the broader claim about other compromised parenting behaviors or social and emotional outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCross-lagged studies have demonstrated that spanking predicts changes in children's behavior over and above initial levels and the child effect of early problem behavior on later spanking.
“A series of cross-lagged studies (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff, Lansford, Sexton, Davis-Kean, & Sameroff, 2012; McLeod, Kruttschnitt, & Dornfeld, 1994; Sheehan & Watson, 2008) has demonstrated that spanking predicts changes in children’s behavior, over and above their initial levels and the child effect of early problem behavior on later spanking.”
From Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. (2016) · cites this paper as Gershoff et al., 2012
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“Over a span of five decades, numerous cross-cultural studies, longitudinal investigations (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff et al., 2012), and large meta-analyses (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) provide converging evidence regarding the harmful outcomes, which include depression or depressed mood (Ferg…”
BackgroundChild Maltreatment and Mental Health in Middle Childhood: A Longitudinal Study in Japan
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- Authors
- Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P., & Sameroff, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gershoff, Elizabeth T
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 838-843
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC7988802
- OpenAlex
- W1826111286
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 21.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0818478)
- University of Michigan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042144, P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- spanking, corporal punishment, externalizing problems, children, race and ethnicity, maternal discipline, cross-cultural comparison, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Asian, Child, Child Behavior, Child Rearing, Educational Status, Employment, Family Characteristics, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parents, Punishment, Marital Status, Black People, White People, Racial Groups
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