Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence.

In the paper

“Six of the studies included prospective analyses of ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples of children followed longitudinally into adulthood, with childhood maltreatment assessed contemporaneously”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Cycle of Maltreatment section describes several prospective intergenerational studies as compelling evidence of continuity, and Data and Method describes the paper’s own diverse longitudinal sample and use of official maltreatment records. But the paper does not establish that six studies all had the specified sampling, follow-up, and contemporaneous assessment; one study it discusses used retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source
• Disputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The authors assessed that there was insufficient evidence to draw a firm conclusion regarding the cycle of maltreatment.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that there is insufficient scientific evidence to draw a definitive conclusion about the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis. It adds that methodological limitations preclude firm conclusions in either direction. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Thornberry et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“The impact of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence exposure on adult physical and emotional health and behaviors is significant and well documented”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Background says epidemiological studies have documented the effects of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being, and the Introduction describes negative adult health outcomes and behaviors following abuse or exposure to domestic violence. The Results report graded increases in mental-health, physical-health, substance-use, and behavioral outcomes as adverse childhood experiences increase. These passages support the broad claim in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Anda et al., 2006 source
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Hughes et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Norman et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Thornberry et al. (2012), for example, evaluated 47 studies against a standard of 11 methodological criteria and noted significant shortcomings in the methodology of most of the studies, including an overwhelming reliance on retrospective recall of parental maltreatment, clinical rather than representative samples, and short follow-up periods”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Thornberry et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Compromised parenting behaviors (such as role reversal and rejecting, controlling, permissive, or intrusive behaviors) and reduced positive parenting behaviors (such as decreased use of consistent discipline or limit-setting) are likely much more common outcomes, given evidence that the majority of adults maltreated as children do not perpetrate maltreatment with their own children”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Egeland et al., 1988 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kaufman & Zigler, 1987 source

In the paper

“given the well-documented benefits and protective effects of positive parenting on child outcomes”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Eshel et al., 2006
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Pettit et al., 1997
• Supported

  The Abstract links effective parenting with better outcomes, including for children exposed to adversity. The section “Do Prevention Parenting Programs Reduce Long-Term Child Outcomes?” reports significant long-term benefits across multiple child outcomes in 20 of 22 reviewed programs. The paper cautions that observational associations alone do not establish causation, but its intervention evidence supports the broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Sandler et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The 97 included articles were evaluated for quality by CG, LH, and CW using 7 criteria adapted from (Hoppen and Chalder, 2018) and the (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d)National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (n.d.) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Quality Assessment section describes Hoppen and Chalder’s 12-item framework for assessing study quality, and the appendix lists its criteria. The citing sentence attributes the adaptation of seven criteria to its own authors; it does not claim that Hoppen and Chalder used seven criteria or assessed the 97 articles. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Hoppen and Chalder, 2018 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.

In the paper

“Methodology for the current systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Background identifies PRISMA as a guideline for systematic reviews, but the cited paper develops PRISMA-P, a separate guideline for reporting review protocols. The Scope and PRISMA-P checklist sections distinguish protocols from completed reviews and do not establish that the citing authors followed PRISMA in their review methodology. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Moher et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Dissociative symptoms and substance use disorders have each been found to mediate the transmission of maltreatment (Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010; Libby et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 source
• Partly supported

  The Results report that lifetime substance use disorder mediated relationships between childhood abuse and later parenting satisfaction or role impairment in two American Indian tribes. The paper does not report mediation of maltreatment transmitted to children; its measured outcomes were parenting outcomes. The dissociative-symptoms finding is not attributed specifically to Libby et al. in the sentence with two citations. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Libby et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Social support has been found to buffer against some of the negative sequelae of trauma (Simon, Roberts, Lewis, van Gelderen, & Bisson, 2019)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes poor perceived social support as a risk factor for PTSD symptoms and discusses a stress-buffering hypothesis. But the Discussion says the study cannot determine the direction of the association, so it does not establish that social support buffers against trauma’s effects. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Simon et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Although income, education, and marital stability did not attenuate these effects, child gender did moderate the relationship such that mothers with CSA experiences demonstrated more sensitivity toward their daughters than their sons.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says that higher income, education, and stable adult relationships did not attenuate the potential effects of childhood sexual trauma on parenting. The Results (page unavailable) describe moderation analyses for those three factors, but our copy does not report child-gender moderation or greater sensitivity toward daughters than sons. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says child sex moderated the association between maternal childhood sexual trauma and sensitive parenting, and that mothers with trauma histories were rated as more sensitive toward daughters than sons. It reports that this finding remained after controlling for household income-to-needs and maternal education, but does not list marital stability among the controls; that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“among mothers diagnosed with depression, childhood emotional abuse was associated with lower child-reported maternal acceptance, controlling for depression and demographic risk factors. Mother-reported CPA, CSA, and neglect were not associated with acceptance (Zalewski, Cyranowski, Cheng, & Swartz, 2013)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Zalewski, Cyranowski, Cheng, & Swartz, 2013 source

In the paper

“Although direct effects disappeared when childhood demographic covariates were included in the model, indirect effects through romantic competence were robust to these covariates.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that childhood abuse/neglect no longer directly predicted observed supportive parenting after demographic covariates were included, while its indirect effect through romantic competence remained significant. But this does not hold for all parenting outcomes: the direct association with CPS involvement remained significant after controlling for those covariates (OR = 1.59, p < .05). The claim overgeneralizes the disappearance of direct effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Labella et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“increased reports of emotional abuse and physical abuse in childhood were associated with lower reported responsivity to their 6 month old babies, but reported CSA experiences were not associated”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports that greater maternal reports of childhood emotional and physical abuse were associated with lower reported responsivity and empathy toward their 6-month-old children. The Discussion states that sexual abuse was not significantly related to parenting outcomes. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Bert et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“the vast majority of adults who were abused as children did not abuse their own children, thus breaking the cycle of violence (Augustyn et al., 2019; Kim, 2009; Pears & Capaldi, 2001)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that most maltreatment victims did not subsequently engage in maltreating behaviors: 84% of childhood-limited victims and 66% of adolescent victims through their middle 30s. But these figures come from this study, not a finding established across studies. The Data and Method section also says perpetration was measured against any child and included nonparents, so the paper does not establish that those adults did not abuse their own children. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 source

In the paper

“the experience of abuse in childhood confers significant risk for the intergenerational transmission of abusive parenting behaviors, as the majority of maltreating parents reported having been abused in childhood (Coohey & Braun, 1997; Herrenkohl et al., 2013; Pears & Capaldi, 2001), with rates in most studies greater than or equal to 75%”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coohey & Braun, 1997 source
• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports a robust association between harsh physical discipline across generations, and the Results report that 75% of the G2 harsh discipliners with available data recalled at least one abusive discipline practice by their fathers. That 75% figure concerns this study’s subgroup and one measure of childhood abuse; the paper does not establish that rates in most studies are at or above 75%. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Herrenkohl et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 source

In the paper

“Of the 97 included articles that evaluated associations between childhood traumatic experiences and at least one of the focal aspects of parenting, 46 articles examined abusive parenting, 28 articles examined problematic parenting behaviors, 12 articles examined positive parenting behaviors, and 23 examined positive parenting affect.”

In the paper

“Limitations of this body of literature include few prospective studies, an overreliance on adults’ self-report of their childhood victimization and current parenting, and little examination of potentially differential associations for mothers and fathers.”

In the paper

“Based on these inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1,274 articles were identified through the search of electronic databases, and an additional 48 articles were identified through review of reference lists and suggestions from colleagues with expertise in this area”

In the paper

“Additional limitations in the literature base identified by the quality assessment were the frequent use of self-reported parenting behaviors and unvalidated assessment measures.”

In the paper

“In studies that examined the total effect of combined childhood abuse experiences amongst ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples, a maternal history of childhood abuse was associated with harsh and punitive parenting and a greater likelihood of perpetrating child abuse”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al., 2008 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim, 2009 source

In the paper

“Examining only the non-CPS referred women in this dataset, Zuravin and Fontanella (1999) found that CSA was no longer associated with severe violence by mothers toward their children after other childhood experiences were included in the model”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zuravin and Fontanella, 1999 source

In the paper

“Further, neglecting mothers were also found to have experienced more physical abuse by a greater number of people, to have been more likely to experience rape, or to have a mother involved in prostitution, as compared to non-neglecting mothers”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ethier et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“Indeed, Dubowitz et al. (2001) found evidence of a cumulative effect for both the type and timing of abusive experiences such that mothers who experienced physical or sexual abuse in both childhood and adulthood reported greater use of verbal aggression and minor violence tactics than mothers with abuse only in childhood, and mothers who experienced both types of victimization reported greater use”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dubowitz et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Seventeen articles assessed only a single form of childhood victimization, all but two of which examined the intergenerational transmission of childhood physical punishment or abuse”

In the paper

“Total scores have been added to the table in the Appendix and were distributed throughout the potential score range (M = 59.1, SD = 16.0).”

In the paper

“however, these effects were weaker for fathers than for mothers (Niu et al., 2018; Simons et al., 1991), and in one study, significant only for mothers, although this study did not use a validated scale to assess childhood maltreatment (Cappell & Heiner, 1990).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Niu et al., 2018 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simons et al., 1991 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 source

In the paper

“Ferrari (2002) found that a history of childhood abuse or neglect was associated with a lower likelihood of college-enrolled fathers using physical punishment, and a greater likelihood of using reasoning and nurturing behaviors with their children.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source

In the paper

“Simons et al. (1991), found weak support for mediation by beliefs in physical discipline and having a hostile personality, and neither family-of-origin nor current income was associated with mothers’ or fathers’ aggressive parenting behaviors.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simons et al., 1991 source

In the paper

“Although satisfaction with friendships was associated with reduced risk, and loneliness was associated with increased risk of using severe physical discipline among low-income CSA survivors (Banyard et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banyard et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“More than half of the studies examining the intergenerational transmission of abuse included solely mothers in their samples, leaving open the question of whether the associations described in the previous section are consistent among fathers.”

In the paper

“While mothers exposed to both interparental and parent-child violence in childhood were more than twice as likely to engage in physical punishment compared to those exposed to only one form of violence, there was no additive effect for multiple forms of violence for fathers (Heyman & Slep, 2002).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heyman & Slep, 2002 source

In the paper

“Of the 22 studies that included fathers as subjects, 5 conducted analyses by gender, finding differences between the relationships for mothers and fathers (Cappell & Heiner, 1990; Ferrari, 2002; Heyman & Slep, 2002; Niu, Liu, & Wang, 2018; Simons et al., 1991) and one study examined only fathers (Ellonen et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heyman & Slep, 2002 source

In the paper

“a study by Collin-Vézina et al. (2005) of mothers of children referred to child protection services evaluated a range of childhood abuse and neglect experiences and found that childhood physical and emotional abuse and neglect were associated with inconsistent discipline, but CSA was not”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Another study found that mothers who were older at childbirth were at high risk for emotionally unsupportive parenting behaviors only in the context of having high levels of sustained past emotional maltreatment and high emotion dysregulation (the latter only for mothers who were younger at childbirth) (McCullough et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCullough et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“the former studies’ findings of an association did not hold when CPA, socioeconomic status, and parental alcoholism were controlled (Ruscio, 2001) or among women who were residing in a domestic violence shelter but not CPS-referred (Jaffe et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruscio, 2001 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jaffe et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Two studies identified variables that moderated the effect of CSA on problematic parenting, including unsatisfactory intimate relationships (Alexander et al., 2000) and parental gender (Newcomb & Locke, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alexander et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Newcomb & Locke, 2001 source

In the paper

“In a rare study that included fathers, CSA was associated with a rejecting style of parenting among fathers, but not mothers (Newcomb & Locke, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Newcomb & Locke, 2001 source

In the paper

“One study of 46 mothers recovering from substance use disorder found that neglect was associated with problematic parenting (behaviors associated with permissiveness, authoritarian, and overly verbose styles of parenting), but past CPA and CSA were not (Harmer, Sanderson, & Mertin, 1999).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harmer et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“neither physiological reactivity (Oosterman et al., 2019) nor polydrug use (Locke & Newcomb, 2004) mediated relationships between childhood maltreatment and problematic parenting behaviors.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oosterman et al., 2019 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Locke & Newcomb, 2004 source

In the paper

“Among 93 mothers of school-aged children referred to child protection services, while there was no direct effect of any of the categories of childhood abuse or neglect on the reported use of positive reinforcement, maternal dissociation negatively predicted its use, suggesting a potential indirect effect (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“childhood maltreatment was associated with psychological IPV, which was associated with a negative attribution bias of their infants’ emotional state. This bias was, in turn, associated with less responsive and sensitive parenting.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dayton et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“Another study found that fathers enrolled in college who reported a history of CPA and neglect were more likely to use reasoning, while no association was identified between reported childhood maltreatment history and reasoning for mothers (Ferrari, 2002).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source

In the paper

“Findings were similarly mixed in the four studies that compared women with and without histories of CSA but did not control for other forms of maltreatment.”

In the paper

“Further, controlling for other forms of adversity, neither CSA nor CPA were associated with nonviolent discipline, whereas both neglect and witnessing domestic violence in childhood had inverse relationships with reported use of nonviolent discipline (Barrett, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2009 source

In the paper

“In bivariate analyses, Barrett (2010) found that adult IPV mediated the relationship between CSA and parenting warmth; however, this finding did not hold when other risk factors were entered into the model. Notably, maternal depression was significant, suggesting that this, rather than IPV, may mediate this relationship.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2010 source

In the paper

“an ethnically diverse college sample of fathers who reported a childhood history of abuse and neglect have been found to be more likely to use nurturing behaviors, although this association was not true for mothers in the study (Ferrari, 2002)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferrari, 2002 source

In the paper

“only the control group mothers demonstrated a developmentally normative increase in emotional availability over time, creating a significant difference in emotional availability between these two groups of mothers at 12 months”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fuchs et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“women with a history of CSA scored lower on a measure of parenting warmth than women without this history; however, when demographic characteristics and other forms of childhood adversity were included, the association was no longer significant. In contrast, perceived childhood neglect remained significant (Barrett, 2009, 2010)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett, 2010 source

In the paper

“CSA, but not physical abuse, predicted lower levels of availability and time spent with their child (M age = 8.3). A history of both forms of childhood abuse predicted lower levels of availability, but not time spent with the child.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ehrensaft et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Overall, these studies’ findings suggested that past childhood maltreatment, and particularly CSA, is associated with lower parenting self-efficacy, but with a number of potentially complex and indirect pathways including the role of parental mental health.”

In the paper

“mothers with histories of CSA consistently demonstrated increased role reversal, although there was a lack of support for associations with permissiveness or inconsistent discipline.”

In the paper

“mothers who broke the cycle of maltreatment reported greater sociodemographic resources and family support and were less likely to report IPV, physical neglect, and multiple types of maltreatment (St-Laurent, Dubois-Comtois, Milot, & Cantinotti, 2019)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites St-Laurent, Dubois-Comtois, Milot, & Cantinotti, 2019 source

In the paper

“The findings regarding the association of childhood maltreatment experiences with positive parenting behaviors were mixed, potentially due to the wide range of behaviors used to examine these outcomes.”

In the paper

“This finding stands in contrast to that of the meta-analysis by Madigan et al. (2019), which showed a small effect size estimate for intergenerational transmission of sexual abuse.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Madigan et al. (2019) source

In the paper

“Evidence of intergenerational cycles of abuse for fathers was infrequently evaluated and methodologically weak, almost exclusively relying on retrospective assessments of childhood maltreatment utilizing unvalidated measures.”

In the paper

“several methodological limitations exist within this body of literature, especially outside of the cycle of violence literature which tended to utilize comparatively more rigorous methodology”

In the paper

“sample sizes were frequently quite small and samples were drawn from specialized populations, rarely including fathers.”

In the paper

“the vast majority of research included in this review relied on adult retrospective report of parents’ childhood maltreatment experiences, which is potentially influenced by current circumstances and functioning, and a number of studies used study-designed, unvalidated questions to assess these experiences.”

In the paper

“rarely are child effects on parents considered, although it is possible that characteristics of children of maltreated parents may influence parenting behaviors.”

In the paper

“Madigan et al. (2019) also found evidence of a small effect for intergenerational transmission of risk of neglect, and a medium effect for intergenerational transmission of physical abuse and emotional abuse.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Madigan et al. (2019) source

In the paper

“Findings for hostile parenting were more mixed, with some studies suggesting that the cumulative impact of polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk for engaging in harsh or hostile parenting.”

In the paper

“Although evidence was found for a link between past CPA and childhood witnessing of IPV with current abusive or neglectful parenting, there was little support for an association between a history of CSA and engaging in abusive or neglectful parenting.”

In the paper

“Measurement of parents’ childhood maltreatment experiences in this category relied exclusively on retrospective self-report and ranged from study-developed single-item questions included in demographic questionnaires to the use of validated inventories (most frequently, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire).”

In the paper

“As children grow into school age and adolescence, the relationship appears more mixed, with some maltreated parents (particularly when neglect or sexual or emotional abuse had occurred) being less available and nurturing than those who had not experienced childhood maltreatment, while others are comparably or even more nurturing toward their children than parents who have no history of childhood”

In the paper

“the majority of the studies examined the impact of CSA, frequently without controlling for other types of maltreatment or adverse childhood experiences.”

In the paper

“the majority of the studies demonstrated some association between childhood abuse and increased stress, although the type of past childhood abuse varied, as well as whether the relationship was direct or indirect (e.g., through maternal depression)(Alexander et al., 2000; Ammerman et al., 2013; Bailey et al., 2012; Barrett, 2009; Cross et al., 2018; Douglas, 2000; Harmer et al., 1999; Mapp, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alexander et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ammerman et al., 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bailey et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“parenting behaviors are primarily rated by parents, introducing common method variance, with the notable exception of the literature examining hostile parenting and supportive parenting, in which observations of parenting behaviors are more often used.”

In the paper

“Madigan et al. (2019) found modest associations (k = 80, d = 0.45, 95% CI [0.37, 0.54]) in a large, meta-analytic review of this body of literature and identified a moderating effect of methodological quality among the studies examining physical abuse (b = −.051, p < .05), for which the effect size decreased as methodological rigor increased.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Madigan et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“Recent evidence suggests that retrospective self-reports of maltreatment typically do not match contemporaneous records or reports, but instead may be better understood as a product of current circumstances and psychological state”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites White et al., 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Widom, 2019 source

In the paper

“Twenty percent of articles were evaluated by all 3 authors with 92% agreement on the scoring elements.”

In the paper

“Savage et al. focused solely on maternal parenting of children ages 0–6 years old.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Savage et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“Articles were reviewed by CG, CW or LH, with 10% of articles reviewed by all three authors to check for fidelity to the coding criteria at each phase of the review process; author coding assignments were in agreement 88% of the time and disagreements were discussed until consensus was reached.”

In the paper

“However, the type and severity of childhood maltreatment experiences were not delineated in this study, making it difficult to evaluate these incongruous findings.”

In the paper

“Although inter-item correlations for the self-report measure used were low, calling into question the rigor with which the role-reversal construct was assessed”

In the paper

“These six studies suggest there may be gender specificity to the processes at play in the intergenerational transmission of abuse, although it should be noted that only one of the studies (Niu et al., 2018) used a validated measure to assess retrospective childhood maltreatment experiences.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Niu et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“suggesting that these symptoms may cause parents to withdraw from stressful or conflictual interactions.”

In the paper

“It should be noted that the studies in this section relied exclusively on retrospectively self-reported histories of parents’ childhood maltreatment, and primarily (with three exceptions) on parental reports of their parenting behaviors, significant methodological limitations of this small body of literature.”

In the paper

“although CSA also may have been involved because it differentiated the high and low emotional abuse groups (McCullough, Han, Morelen, & Shaffer, 2017; McCullough, Harding, Shaffer, Han, & Bright, 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCullough et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCullough et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“these findings suggest that the risk of role reversal may not be specific to CSA (Marcenko et al., 2000), and may be moderated by ethnicity.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marcenko et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“While these studies provide limited additional support to the argument that childhood maltreatment experiences are associated with an increased risk for a broad range of problematic parenting practices, given the breadth with which both childhood abuse and problematic parenting were defined amongst these studies, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions.”

In the paper

“The fact that parenting was assessed via observation in all but two of these studies is a methodological strength of this body of work.”

In the paper

“Together, these studies suggest that previous associations between CSA and permissive parenting may, indeed, be a spurious association, as it has only been documented when other forms of maltreatment have not been accounted for, or among women with severe parenting deficits”

In the paper

“Although the three abovementioned studies suggest that childhood maltreatment may interfere with mother’s use of positive discipline, their generalizability is limited as they involve small samples of primarily White and/or highly educated women.”

In the paper

“However, both of these studies failed to control for other forms of childhood maltreatment, potentially confounding these relationships with the influence of other forms of childhood victimization.”

In the paper

“findings tended to differ from that for mothers, underscoring the need for more inclusion of fathers in research that is methodologically rigorous.”

In the paper

“Those studies’ results suggest that parents’ childhood experiences of abuse and neglect may interfere with their ability to provide supportive and nurturing responses to their babies and toddlers, with several studies suggesting that mothers’ mental health problems contribute to these difficulties.”

In the paper

“Childhood maltreatment experiences have far reaching effects into the next generation including, but not limited to, contributing to a cycle of abuse and intra-familial violence.”

In the paper

“Childhood experiences of maltreatment may alter parents’ ability to avoid using negative parenting practices and utilize positive parenting practices (e.g., to be emotionally nurturing and responsive with their young children, to encourage learning and self-efficacy in their school-age children, and to support positive peer relationships and provide unobtrusive monitoring with their adolescent”