Activation for newly learned words in left medial-temporal lobe during toddlers' sleep is associated with memory for words
Open accessAbstract
Little is known about the neural substrates underlying early memory functioning. To gain more insight, we examined how toddlers remember newly learned words. Hippocampal and anterior medial-temporal lobe (MTL) processes have been hypothesized to support forming and retaining the association between novel words and their referents, but direct evidence of this connection in early childhood is lacking. We assessed 2-year-olds (n = 38) for their memory of newly learned pseudowords associated with novel objects and puppets. We tested memory for these associations during the same session as learning and after a 1-week delay. We then played these pseudowords, previously known words, and completely novel pseudowords during natural nocturnal sleep, while collecting functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Activation in the left hippocampus and the left anterior MTL for newly learned compared to novel words was associated with same-session memory for these newly learned words only when they were learned as puppet names. Activation for known words was associated with memory for puppet names at the 1-week delay. Activation for newly learned words was also associated with overall productive vocabulary. These results underscore an early developing link between memory mechanisms and word learning in the medial temporal lobe.
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The memory-related enhancement of hippocampal activation during sleep was still present when tested 1 week after the encoding session.
“The memory-related enhancement of hippocampal activation during sleep was still present when tested 1 week after the encoding session.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [273]
The Results section states that left hippocampal activation for newly learned words was associated with puppet-name memory only at the same-session test. At the one-week memory test, that association was not statistically significant (rs(30) = .33, p = .07). The paper therefore does not report that a memory-related hippocampal effect remained present at one week. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredToddlers who later remembered where, in which temporal order, and in the presence of which toy character they had heard the song exhibited stronger hippocampal activation when the song was played to them during sleep.
“Specifically, toddlers who later remembered where, in which temporal order, and in the presence of which toy character they had heard the song exhibited stronger hippocampal activation when the song was played to them during sleep.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [273]
The Introduction reports that 28-month-olds showed greater hippocampal activation during sleep for newly learned songs than for novel songs, and that activation was associated with memory for events linked to the songs. It does not specify memory for where or in what order the songs were heard, or which toy character was present. The paper reports this as a finding of earlier studies, rather than its own song experiment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUsing fMRI during sleep in 2-year-old toddlers, signs of reactivations in the hippocampus to previously learned songs were observed and were associated with improved memory for the context in which the song had been encoded.
“Using fMRI during sleep in 2-year-old toddlers, Ghetti and coworkers 272 observed signs of reactivations in the hippocampus to previously learned songs which were associated with an improved memory for the context in which the song had been encoded.272,273”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [273]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that an earlier fMRI study found hippocampal activation during sleep for learned songs in 28-month-olds, associated with memory for events linked to those songs. But this paper’s own study, described in the Discussion (page unavailable), tested newly learned words and memory for puppet names—not songs or their encoding context. The citing sentence incorrectly presents the reported earlier finding as this paper’s observation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
Brodt, S., Inostroza, M., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
- Authors
- Johnson, E. G., Mooney, L., Graf Estes, K., Nordahl, C. W., & Ghetti, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Elliott Gray
- Ghetti, Simona
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 5429-5438.e5
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8696684
- OpenAlex
- W3205178753
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 384 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NICHD (R21 HD098700-01)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- word learning, word memory, toddlers, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, pseudowords, puppets, nocturnal sleep, memory consolidation, vocabulary development, early childhood memories, neural substrates of memory
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Sleep, Temporal Lobe
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