Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia
Open accessAbstract
Clinical intervention in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated a strong upregulation of cytokine production in patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV2-induced pneumonia. In a retrospective study of 41 patients with COVID-19, most patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed mild symptoms, whereas some patients later developed aggravated disease symptoms, and eventually passed away because of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), as a consequence of a severe cytokine storm. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected pneumonia were first published January 30th, 2020; these guidelines recommended for the first time that cytokine monitoring should be applied in severely ill patients to reduce pneumonia related mortality. The cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 illness is also an important component of mortality in other viral diseases, including SARS, MERS and influenza. In view of the severe morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia, we review the current understanding of treatment of human coronavirus infections from the perspective of a dysregulated cytokine and immune response.
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Pro-inflammatory factors are intensely released into the bloodstream, causing the cytokine storm, and reach other organs.
“pro-inflammatory factors are intensely released, the so-called “cytokine storm”, which enter the bloodstream, and reach other organs (Fig. 1A) [9].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Cytokine storms have been reported in several viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
“Cytokine storms have been reported in several viral infections [96], including SARS-CoV-2 [9, 97].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 present elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, INF-γ, CCL2, TNF-α, CXCL10, CCL7, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-2 receptor, supposedly associated with disease severity.
“Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 present elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, INF-γ, CCL2, TNF-α, CXCL10, CCL7, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-2 receptor, supposedly associated with disease severity [9, 98–105].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Sun, X., Wang, T., Cai, D., Hu, Z., Chen, J., Liao, H., Zhi, L., Wei, H., Zhang, Z., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., & Wang, A.
- Affiliations
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (CN)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Jiangsu Province Hospital (CN)
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jing
- Wang, Aiping
- Venue
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 38-42
- ISSN
- 1359-6101 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7182527
- OpenAlex
- W3019663170
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 102
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pneumonia, cytokine monitoring, multiple organ failure, immune dysregulation, cytokine production, mortality, SARS, MERS, influenza, antiviral therapy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Female, Humans, Male, Multiple Organ Failure, Pneumonia, Viral, Polyethylene Glycols, Recombinant Proteins, Retrospective Studies, Cytokines, Interferon-alpha, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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