IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad effect on cells of the immune system and those not of the immune system and often displays hormone-like characteristics that affect homeostatic processes. IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and is now regarded as a prominent target for clinical intervention. However, the signaling cassette that controls the activity of IL-6 is complicated, and distinct intervention strategies can inhibit this pathway. Clinical experience with antagonists of IL-6 has raised new questions about how and when to block this cytokine to improve disease outcome and patient wellbeing. Here we discuss the effect of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity and the possible advantages of various antagonists of IL-6 and consider how the immunobiology of IL-6 may inform clinical decisions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
IL-6 has repeatedly been suggested to contribute to inflammatory or malignant diseases, and targeting this mediator needs careful evaluation to maintain beneficial regenerative functions.
“While IL-6 has repeatedly been suggested to contribute to inflammatory or malignant diseases, targeting this central mediator needs to be carefully evaluated to maintain its beneficial regenerative functions (Hunter and Jones, 2015).”
From Model Based Targeting of IL-6-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Cultured Primary Hepatocytes to Improve Application of the JAK Inhibitor Ruxolitinib (2017) · cites this paper as Hunter and Jones, 2015
IL-6 can amplify inflammation-induced injury to a variety of cells and tissues.
“Given that IL-6 can amplify inflammation-induced injury to a variety of cells and tissues”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
IL-6Rα and gp130 are downregulated upon T cell activation.
“we and others have found that IL-6Rα and gp130 are downregulated upon T cell activation (31)”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Surface expression of gp130 is downregulated by internalization, alternative splicing of the encoding mRNA to favor the secreted form, and/or other unidentified mechanisms.
“Surface expression of gp130 is downregulated by internalization, alternative splicing of the encoding mRNA to favor the secreted form, and/or other unidentified mechanisms (31).”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune responses, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development and other fundamental processes.
“IL-6, which was discovered in 1986 (27), is a pleiotropic cytokine involved not only in immune responses but also in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development and other fundamental processes (1, 21, 28–32).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
IL-6 is a key factor in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, with its effect mainly exerted through the IL-6-STAT3 pathway.
“IL-6 is also a key factor in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, with its effect mainly exerted through the IL-6–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway (18–26, 61–65).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
These multiple signal transduction pathways intimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor development and progression through the expression of several genes.
“These multiple signal transduction pathways intimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor development and progression through the expression of several genes (1, 19, 21, 26, 31).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
The IL-6-STAT3 pathway is now considered a major target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
“The IL-6–STAT3 pathway is now considered a major target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (15, 19, 21, 24–26, 76).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Other inhibitors against the IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway are under development.
“Other inhibitors against the IL-6–STAT3 signaling pathway are under development (19, 21, 24–26, 76, 374).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
Ivanov, I. I., McKenzie, B. S., Zhou, L., Tadokoro, C. E., Lepelley, A., Lafaille, J. J., Cua, D. J., & Littman, D. R. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.035 · Cited by 5,145 · see citing works
Veldhoen, M., Hocking, R. J., Atkins, C. J., Locksley, R. M., & Stockinger, B. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.001 · Cited by 3,605 · see citing works
Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation
HEINRICH, P. C., BEHRMANN, I., HAAN, S., HERMANNS, H. M., MÜLLER-NEWEN, G., & SCHAPER, F. (2003) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20030407 · Cited by 3,272 · see citing works
Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., Napolitani, G., Lanzavecchia, A., & Sallusto, F. (2007) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1496 · Cited by 1,857 · see citing works
Impaired immune and acute-phase responses in interleukin-6-deficient mice
Kopf, M., Baumann, H., Freer, G., Freudenberg, M., Lamers, M., Kishimoto, T., Zinkernagel, R., Bluethmann, H., & Köhler, G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/368339a0 · Cited by 1,768 · see citing works
Functional Specialization of Interleukin-17 Family Members
Iwakura, Y., Ishigame, H., Saijo, S., & Nakae, S. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.012 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Rose-John, S. (2012) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.4989 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Stumhofer, J. S., Laurence, A., Wilson, E. H., Huang, E., Tato, C. M., Johnson, L. M., Villarino, A. V., Huang, Q., Yoshimura, A., Sehy, D., et al. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1376 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman’s disease
Yoshizaki, K., Matsuda, T., Nishimoto, N., Kuritani, T., Taeho, L., Aozasa, K., Nakahata, T., Kawai, H., Tagoh, H., & Komori, T. (1989) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v74.4.1360.1360 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
(2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61931-4 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells
Rincón, M., Anguita, J., Nakamura, T., Fikrig, E., & Flavell, R. A. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.185.3.461 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Hodes, G. E., Pfau, M. L., Leboeuf, M., Golden, S. A., Christoffel, D. J., Bregman, D., Rebusi, N., Heshmati, M., Aleyasin, H., Warren, B. L., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415191111 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
How Cytokine Networks Fuel Inflammation: Toward a cytokine-based disease taxonomy
Schett, G., Elewaut, D., McInnes, I. B., Dayer, J.-M., & Neurath, M. F. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3260 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Bethin, K. E., Vogt, S. K., & Muglia, L. J. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9317 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Kraakman, M. J., Kammoun, H. L., Allen, T. L., Deswaerte, V., Henstridge, D. C., Estevez, E., Matthews, V. B., Neill, B., White, D. A., Murphy, A. J., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Atsumi, T., Ishihara, K., Kamimura, D., Ikushima, H., Ohtani, T., Hirota, S., Kobayashi, H., Park, S.-J., Saeki, Y., Kitamura, Y., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20020619 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Barkhausen, T., Tschernig, T., Rosenstiel, P., van Griensven, M., Vonberg, R.-P., Dorsch, M., Mueller-Heine, A., Chalaris, A., Scheller, J., Rose-John, S., et al. (2011) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318211ff56 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor augments central effects of IL-6 in vivo.
Schöbitz, B., Pezeshki, G., Pohl, T., Hemmann, U., Heinrich, P. C., Holsboer, F., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1995) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.9.8.7768358 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Jenkins, B. J., Grail, D., Inglese, M., Quilici, C., Bozinovski, S., Wong, P., & Ernst, M. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.4.1453-1463.2004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goldsmith, D. R., Rapaport, M. H., & Miller, B. J. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.3 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer
Hirano, T. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa078 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
“Other inhibitors against the IL-6–STAT3 signaling pathway are under development (19, 21, 24–26, 76, 374).”
BackgroundInfluentialNorelli, M., Camisa, B., Barbiera, G., Falcone, L., Purevdorj, A., Genua, M., Sanvito, F., Ponzoni, M., Doglioni, C., Cristofori, P., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0036-4 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
Coperchini, F., Chiovato, L., Croce, L., Magri, F., & Rotondi, M. (2020) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer
Jones, S. A., & Jenkins, B. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Self-citationIL-6 pathway in the liver: From physiopathology to therapy
Schmidt-Arras, D., & Rose-John, S. (2016) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.004 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic
Kang, S., Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.026 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Tet2 is required to resolve inflammation by recruiting Hdac2 to specifically repress IL-6
Zhang, Q., Zhao, K., Shen, Q., Han, Y., Gu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, D., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, X., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15252 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Liver — guardian, modifier and target of sepsis
Strnad, P., Tacke, F., Koch, A., & Trautwein, C. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.168 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality
Holmes, M. V., Ala-Korpela, M., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.78 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity
Elsner, R. A., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia
Sun, X., Wang, T., Cai, D., Hu, Z., Chen, J., Liao, H., Zhi, L., Wei, H., Zhang, Z., Qiu, Y., et al. (2020) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.002 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The role of IL-6 in host defence against infections: immunobiology and clinical implications
Rose-John, S., Winthrop, K., & Calabrese, L. (2017) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.83 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Historical overview of the interleukin-6 family cytokine
Kang, S., Narazaki, M., Metwally, H., & Kishimoto, T. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190347 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Social support, social integration, and inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis
Uchino, B. N., Trettevik, R., Kent de Grey, R. G., Cronan, S., Hogan, J., & Baucom, B. R. W. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000594 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models
Qing, H., Desrouleaux, R., Israni-Winger, K., Mineur, Y. S., Fogelman, N., Zhang, C., Rashed, S., Palm, N. W., Sinha, R., Picciotto, M. R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.054 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Masjedi, A., Hashemi, V., Hojjat-Farsangi, M., Ghalamfarsa, G., Azizi, G., Yousefi, M., & Jadidi-Niaragh, F. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.177 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Epigenetic memory of coronavirus infection in innate immune cells and their progenitors
Cheong, J.-G., Ravishankar, A., Sharma, S., Parkhurst, C. N., Grassmann, S. A., Wingert, C. K., Laurent, P., Ma, S., Paddock, L., Miranda, I. C., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.019 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Wasting and Renewal: A Pivotal Role of Myokine IL-6
Belizário, J. E., Fontes-Oliveira, C. C., Borges, J. P., Kashiabara, J. A., & Vannier, E. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2197-2 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Hou, X., Yin, S., Ren, R., Liu, S., Yong, L., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, M., Kunos, G., Gao, B., et al. (2021) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31658 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
On phagocytes and macular degeneration
Guillonneau, X., Eandi, C. M., Paques, M., Sahel, J.-A., Sapieha, P., & Sennlaub, F. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Perry, B. I., Upthegrove, R., Kappelmann, N., Jones, P. B., Burgess, S., & Khandaker, G. M. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Reeh, H., Rudolph, N., Billing, U., Christen, H., Streif, S., Bullinger, E., Schliemann-Bullinger, M., Findeisen, R., Schaper, F., Huber, H. J., et al. (2019) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-019-0356-0 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Yan, Y., Ramanan, D., Rozenberg, M., McGovern, K., Rastelli, D., Vijaykumar, B., Yaghi, O., Voisin, T., Mosaheb, M., Chiu, I., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Activation of JUN in fibroblasts promotes pro-fibrotic programme and modulates protective immunity
Cui, L., Chen, S.-Y., Lerbs, T., Lee, J.-W., Domizi, P., Gordon, S., Kim, Y.-H., Nolan, G., Betancur, P., & Wernig, G. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16466-4 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
New insights into IL-6 family cytokines in metabolism, hepatology and gastroenterology
Giraldez, M. D., Carneros, D., Garbers, C., Rose-John, S., & Bustos, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00473-x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Harbour, S. N., DiToro, D. F., Witte, S. J., Zindl, C. L., Gao, M., Schoeb, T. R., Jones, G. W., Jones, S. A., Hatton, R. D., & Weaver, C. T. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw2262 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Although we and others have found that IL-6R and gp130 are down-regulated upon T cell activation (31), the mechanisms are different.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIL-6 Revisited: From Rheumatoid Arthritis to CAR T Cell Therapy and COVID-19
Kishimoto, T., & Kang, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-023458 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Role of the inflammation-autophagy-senescence integrative network in osteoarthritis
Vinatier, C., Domínguez, E., Guicheux, J., & Caramés, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00706 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Inflammation meets metabolic disease: Gut feeling mediated by GLP-1
Zietek, T., & Rath, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Emerging comorbidities in adult asthma: risks, clinical associations, and mechanisms
Kankaanranta, H., Kauppi, P., Tuomisto, L. E., & Ilmarinen, P. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/3690628 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Thoma, M. V., Rohleder, N., & Rohner, S. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675936 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Wang, D., Salvadore, G., Hsu, B., Curran, M., Casper, C., Vermeulen, J., Kent, J. M., Singh, J., Drevets, W. C., et al. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.014 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Host Competence: An Organismal Trait to Integrate Immunology and Epidemiology
Martin, L. B., Burgan, S. C., Adelman, J. S., & Gervasi, S. S. (2016) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icw064 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Naseem, S., Hussain, T., & Manzoor, S. (2018) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ulmer-Yaniv, A., Avitsur, R., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Schneiderman, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Khalafi, M., Akbari, A., Symonds, M. E., Pourvaghar, M. J., Rosenkranz, S. K., & Tabari, E. (2023) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156303 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Molecular pathology endpoints useful for aging studies
Niedernhofer, L. J., Kirkland, J. L., & Ladiges, W. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
IL6 Signaling in Peripheral Blood T Cells Predicts Clinical Outcome in Breast Cancer
Wang, L., Miyahira, A. K., Simons, D. L., Lu, X., Chang, A. Y., Wang, C., Suni, M. A., Maino, V. C., Dirbas, F. M., Yim, J., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1373 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Smith, J. W., Matheson, P. J., Franklin, G. A., Harbrecht, B. G., Richardson, D. J., & Garrison, N. R. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.12.047 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chandler, L., Yusuf, I., McClements, M., Barnard, A., MacLaren, R., & Xue, K. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21144972 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sobotta, S., Raue, A., Huang, X., Vanlier, J., Jünger, A., Bohl, S., Albrecht, U., Hahnel, M. J., Wolf, S., Mueller, N. S., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00775 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“While IL-6 has repeatedly been suggested to contribute to inflammatory or malignant diseases, targeting this central mediator needs to be carefully evaluated to maintain its beneficial regenerative functions (Hunter and Jones, 2015).”
BackgroundAI Advances in ICU with an Emphasis on Sepsis Prediction: An Overview
Stylianides, C., Nicolaou, A., Sulaiman, W. A., Alexandropoulou, C.-A., Panagiotopoulos, I., Karathanasopoulou, K., Dimitrakopoulos, G., Kleanthous, S., Politi, E., Ntalaperas, D., et al. (2025) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make7010006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zeng, F., Wen, W., Cui, W., Zheng, W., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Hou, N., Ma, D., Yuan, Y., Shi, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.10.015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Trinh, B., Peletier, M., Simonsen, C., Plomgaard, P., Karstoft, K., Pedersen, B. K., van Hall, G., & Ellingsgaard, H. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac239 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CDK8 fine-tunes IL-6 transcriptional activities by limiting STAT3 resident time at the gene loci
Martinez-Fabregas, J., Wang, L., Pohler, E., Cozzani, A., Kazemian, M., Mitra, S., & Moraga, I. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.998351 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hunter, C. A., & Jones, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hunter, Christopher A
- Jones, Simon A
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2015-04-21
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 448-457
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- OpenAlex
- W2097147259
- Cited by
- 2,511
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 179 · 2025: 245 · 2024: 195 · 2023: 261 · 2022: 290 · 2021: 285 · 2020: 290 · 2019: 217 · 2018: 203 · 2017: 200 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 25
- FWCI
- 19.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2017-10-18)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Versus Arthritis (19796, 20770)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, IL-6 signaling, IL-6 inhibitors, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, clinical intervention, immunobiology
- MeSH terms
- Interleukin-6 Inhibitors, Animals, B-Lymphocytes, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Homeostasis, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunotherapy, Psoriasis, Spondylitis, Ankylosing, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Antibodies, Blocking, Receptors, Interleukin-6, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
