Functional Network Development During the First Year: Relative Sequence and Socioeconomic Correlations
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The first postnatal year is characterized by the most dramatic functional network development of the human lifespan. Yet, the relative sequence of the maturation of different networks and the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on their development during this critical period remains poorly characterized. Leveraging a large, normally developing infant sample with multiple longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans during the first year (N = 65, scanned every 3 months), we aimed to delineate the relative maturation sequence of 9 key brain functional networks and examine their SES correlations. Our results revealed a maturation sequence from primary sensorimotor/auditory to visual to attention/default-mode, and finally to executive control networks. Network-specific critical growth periods were also identified. Finally, marginally significant positive SES-brain correlations were observed at 6 months of age for both the sensorimotor and default-mode networks, indicating interesting SES effects on functional brain maturation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study delineating detailed longitudinal growth trajectories of all major functional networks during the first year of life and their SES correlations. Insights from this study not only improve our understanding of early brain development, but may also inform the critical periods for SES expression during infancy.
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When defined by seed-based or independent component analysis, the default-mode, dorsal attention and salience networks establish distributed network-like topologies by age two, earlier than executive control networks, consistent with protracted development of executive functions.
“the default-mode network99, 104, the dorsal attention network [G] 105, 106 and the salience network [G] 107 establish distributed network-like topologies by 2 years of age90, 91 earlier than the executive control networks 91, 97, 107, consistent with the protracted development of executive functions108.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
Developmental patterns of resting-state functional connectivity are remarkably similar between males and females, except that interconnectivity between the two lateralized fronto-parietal networks increases at a greater rate in males.
“Developmental patterns of resting-state functional connectivity are remarkably similar between males and females, with the exception that interconnectivity between the two lateralized fronto-parietal networks increases at a greater rate in males90.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
Brain hubs are not static throughout neurodevelopment.
“Brain hubs, however, are not static throughout neurodevelopment39.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
Hub configuration changes, gradually transitioning to an adult-like pattern.
“Hub configuration changes, gradually transitioning to an adult-like pattern.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Gao, W., Alcauter, S., Elton, A., Hernandez-Castillo, C. R., Smith, J. K., Ramirez, J., & Lin, W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Wei
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-05-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2919-2928
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4537436
- OpenAlex
- W2159222770
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 9.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Foundation of Hope for Research and Treatment of Mental Illness
- National Institutes of Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS055754)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- functional brain networks, infant brain development, socioeconomic status, resting-state functional connectivity, sensorimotor network, auditory network, visual network, attentional networks, default mode network, frontoparietal network, critical period, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Parents, Social Class, Statistics as Topic
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