Present and lifetime comorbidity of tobacco, alcohol and drug use in eating disorders: a European multicenter study.
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To assess the differences in comorbid lifetime and current substance use (tobacco, alcohol and drug use) between eating disorder (ED) patients and healthy controls in five different European countries.Method A total of 1664 participants took part in the present study. ED cases (n=879) were referred to specialized ED units in five European countries. The ED cases were compared to a balanced control group of 785 healthy individuals.Assessment Participants completed the Substance Use Subscale of the Cross Cultural (Environmental) Questionnaire (CCQ), a measure of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use. In the control group, also the GHQ-28, the SCID-I interview and the EAT-26 were used.Results ED patients had higher lifetime and current tobacco and general drug use. The only non-significant result was obtained for lifetime and current alcohol use. Significant differences across ED subdiagnoses and controls also emerged, with BN and AN-BP generally presenting the highest and AN-R and controls the lowest rates. The only exception was detected for alcohol use where EDNOS demonstrated the highest values. Only a few cultural differences between countries emerged.Conclusions With the exception of alcohol consumption, tobacco and drug use appear to be more prevalent in ED patients than healthy controls. The differential risk observed in patients with bulimic features might be related to differences in temperament or might be the result of increased sensitivity to reward.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Eating disorder patients are more likely than healthy controls to use addictive substances such as tobacco and illicit drugs.
“ED patients are more likely than healthy controls to use addictive substances such as tobacco, but also illicit drugs (Krug et al., 2008), which supports the notion of an “addictive personality.””
From “Food Addiction” in patients with eating disorders is associated with negative urgency and difficulties to focus on long-term goals (2016) · cites this paper as Krug et al., 2008
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure
(1979) · Scandinavian Journal of Statistics · doi:10.2307/4615733 · Cited by 21,526 · see citing works
The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049163 · Cited by 4,902 · see citing works
DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Bell, C. C. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520100096046 · Cited by 2,608 · see citing works
Binge eating: nature, assessment, and treatment
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-4640 · Cited by 1,801 · see citing works
Keller, M. B. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1105-1442 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Bulimia Nervosa
Fairburn, C. G. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830180015003 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
CROLL, J., NEUMARKSZTAINER, D., STORY, M., & IRELAND, M. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00368-3 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Risk factors for binge eating disorder: a community-based, case-control study.
Fairburn, C. G., Doll, H., Welch, S. L., Hay, P., Davies, B. A., & O'Connor, M. E. (1998) · PubMed · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.425 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell
Rada, P. V., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.043 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Psychiatric Comorbidities of Female Inpatients With Eating Disorders
Blinder, B. J., Cumella, E. J., & Sanathara, V. A. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000221254.77675.f5 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The prevalence of eating disorders not otherwise specified
Machado, P. P. P., Machado, B. C., Gonçalves, S. F., & Hoek, H. W. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20358 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Sources of prescription drugs for illicit use
McCabe, S. E., & Boyd, C. J. (2005) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.012 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Alcohol Use Disorder Comorbidity in Eating Disorders
Bulik, C. M., Klump, K. L., Thornton, L. M., Kaplan, A. S., Devlin, B., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Strober, M. A., Woodside, D. B., Crow, S. J., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0718 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Avena, N. M., Long, K. A., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.016 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The eating disorders as addiction
Davis, C. A., & CLARIDGE, G. S. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00009-4 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Behavioral models of binge-type eating
Corwin, R. L., & Buda-Levin, A. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.036 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Impulse control disorders in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., Granero, R., Vallejo, J., & Bulik, C. M. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.002 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationCo-occurrence of eating disorders and alcohol use disorders in women: a meta analysis
Gadalla, T. M., & Piran, N. (2007) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-007-0184-x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Turner, H., & Bryant-Waugh, R. (2004) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.552 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00097-8 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Impulse control disorders in women with eating disorders
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Pinheiro, A. P., Thornton, L. M., Berrettini, W. H., Crow, S. J., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Keel, P. K., Mitchell, J. E., et al. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.011 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Karwautz, A. F. K., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., HU, X., Zhao, J., Sham, P. C., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003129 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationBingeing rats: A model of intermittent excessive behavior?
Corwin, R. L. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2004.09.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Anzengruber, D., Klump, K. L., Thornton, L. M., Brandt, H., Crawford, S. F., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Johnson, C., Kaplan, A. S., LaVia, M., et al. (2006) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.06.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ricca, V., Mannucci, E., Mezzani, B., di Bernardo, M., Zucchi, T., Paionni, A., Placidi, G., Rotella, C., & Faravelli, C. (2001) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf03339765 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Anderluh, M. B., Tchanturia, K., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003292 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationBody image assessment and treatment in controlled studies of eating disorders
Rosen, J. C. (1996) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199612)20:4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Dieting and smoking initiation in early adolescent girls and boys: a prospective study.
Austin, S., & Gortmaker, S. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.3.446 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Dispositional correlates of addictive behaviors in college women: Binge eating and heavy drinking
Benjamin, L., & Wulfert, E. (2004) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2003.08.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
DSM‐IV threshold versus subthreshold bulimia nervosa
Grange, D. L., Binford, R. B., Peterson, C. B., Crow, S. J., Crosby, R. D., Klein, M. H., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Joiner, T. E., Mitchell, J. E., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20304 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Food cravers: Characteristics of those who binge
Gendall, K. A., Joyce, P. R., Sullivan, P. F., & Bulik, C. M. (1998) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199805)23:4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Treasure, J. (2007) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674370705200402 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of personality risk factors in bulimia nervosa and pathological gambling.
Álvarez-Moya, E. M., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Vallejo, J., Krug, I., Bulik, C. M., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.03.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Saules, K. K., Pomerleau, C. S., Snedecor, S. M., Mehringer, A. M., Shadle, M. B., Kurth, C., & Krahn, D. D. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Alcohol and Eating Disorders: Implications for Alcohol Treatment and Health Services Research
Sinha, R., & O’Malley, S. S. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02097.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse in Canadian Men and Women: A National Study
Gadalla, T. M., & Piran, N. (2007) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260701323458 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Schmidt, U. H., Landau, S., Pombo‐Carril, M. G., Bara‐Carril, N., Reid, Y., Murray, K. A., Treasure, J. L., & Katzman, M. A. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29143 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationAmenorrhea in anorexia nervosa neuroendocrine control of hypothalamic dysfunction
Golden, N. H., & Shenker, I. R. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199407)16:1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Too much of a good thing: Neurobiology of non-homeostatic eating and drug abuse
Corwin, R. L., & Hajnal, A. S. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Grave, R. D., & Calugi, S. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.805 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Anger expression in eating disorders: Clinical, psychopathological and personality correlates
Krug, I., Bulik, C. M., Vall-Llovera, O. N., Granero, R., Agüera, Z., Villarejo, C., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPiran, N., & Robinson, S. R. (2006) · Women & Health · doi:10.1300/j013v44n01_01 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The relationship between sexual abuse and eating pathology
Zlotnick, C., Hohlstein, L. A., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T. B., Recupero, P., & Bidadi, K. (1996) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199609)20:2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Use of anorectic amphetamine-like drugs by Brazilian women
Nappo, S. A., Tabach, R., Noto, A. R., Galduróz, J. C. F., & Carlini, E. A. (2002) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(01)00054-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Eating disorders and substance use: a dancing vs a nondancing population.
Holderness, C. C., Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and its relationship to other substance use among eating disordered inpatients
Haug, N. A., Heinberg, L. J., & Guarda, Á. S. (2001) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03339762 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Psychoactive substance consumption in eating disorders
Corcos, M., Nezelof, S., Speranza, M., Topa, S., Girardon, N., Guilbaud, O., Taïeb, O., Bízouard, P., Halfon, O., Vénisse, J.-L., et al. (2001) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(00)00021-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Krug, I., Granero, R., Ramón, J., Badia, A. M. T. I., Giménez, L., Solano, R., Collier, D. A., Karwautz, A. F. K., & Treasure, J. L. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBinge eating before the onset of dieting: A distinct subgroup of bulimia nervosa?
Haiman, C., & Devlin, M. J. (1999) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199903)25:2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Baker, J. H., Mazzeo, S. E., & Kendler, K. S. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20472 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eating disorders and substance abuse in Canadian women: a national study
Piran, N., & Gadalla, T. M. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01633.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Personality pathology and substance abuse in eating disorders: A longitudinal study
Thompson‐Brenner, H., Eddy, K. T., Franko, D. L., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20489 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Eating disorders in female inpatients with versus without substance use disorders
Grilo, C. M., Levy, K. N., Becker, D. F., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1995) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)00065-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recognizing alcohol and drug abuse in patients with eating disorders
Conason, A. (2006) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcl030 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Karwautz, A. F. K., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2002) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.476 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationEating disorders with and without substance use disorders: A comparative study of inpatients
Grilo, C. M., Becker, D. F., Levy, K. N., Walker, M. L., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1995) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(95)90077-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Eating disorders and substance use
Corte, C. M., & Stein, K. F. (2000) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(00)00017-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Krug, I., Casasnovas, C., Granero, R., Martínez, C., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Bulik, C. M., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701320652 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug use disorders in Japanese eating disorder patients
Nagata, T., 河原田, 洋., Ohshima, J., Iketani, T., & Kiriike, N. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00007-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Relationships Between Cigarette Smoking and Weight Control in Young Women
Delnevo, C. D., Hrywna, M., Abatemarco, D. J., & Lewis, M. J. (2003) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/00003727-200304000-00007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beato‐Fernández, L., Rodríguez‐Cano, T., Pelayo-Delgado, E., & Calaf, M. (2006) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0029-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Motivators for smoking in women with eating disorders
George, A., & Waller, G. (2005) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.623 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Galanin and alcohol dependence: Neurobehavioral research
Lewis, M. J., Rada, P. V., Johnson, D. F., Avena, N. M., LEIBOWITZ, S. F., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.027 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gutiérrez, R. A., Silva, J., Unikel, C., et al. (2001) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H., & Hapke, U. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Characteristics of bulimic patients whose parents do or do not abuse alcohol
García-Vilches, I., BadÍa-Casanovas, A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., et al. (2002) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03327461 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Eating Disorder Attitudes, Cigarette, and Alcohol Use
Granner, M. L., Abood, D. A., & Black, D. R. (2001) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.25.2.1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Katz, D. A., Maloney, M. J., Sutkamp, J. C., & McConville, B. J. (1999) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199905)25:4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Agüera, Z., et al. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.271 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ross (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199911)26:3
Mussell (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200003)27:2
French (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199711)22:3
Evaluation of a computer-mediated eating disorder intervention program
Winzelberg, A. J., Taylor, C. B., Sharpe, T., Eldredge, K. L., Dev, P., & Constantinou, P. S. (1998) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199812)24:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Santamaría, J. J., Gunnard, K., Soto, A., Kalapanidas, E., Bults, R. G. A., Davarakis, C., Ganchev, T., Granero, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.664302 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationThe importance of nutrition in aiding recovery from substance use disorders: a review
Jeynes, K. D., & Gibson, E. L. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.006 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Wolz, I., Hilker, I., Granero, R., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Gearhardt, A. N., Dieguez, C., Casanueva, F. F., Crujeiras, A. B., Menchón, J. M., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00061 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationdel Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Fernández-Aranda, F., Agüera, Z., Granero, R., Hakansson, A., Fagundo, A. B., Bolao, F., Valdepérez, A., Mestre-Bach, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.051 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- KRUG, I., TREASURE, J., ANDERLUH, M., BELLODI, L., CELLINI, E., DIBERNARDO, M., GRANERO, R., KARWAUTZ, A., NACMIAS, B., & PENELO, E.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Guy's Hospital (GB)
- Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09-01
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 169-179
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977534941
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ddd.uab.cat
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- eating disorders, substance use comorbidity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, lifetime substance use, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Attitude, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Eating, Europe, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Tobacco Use Disorder, Comorbidity, Case-Control Studies, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
