Former heroin addicts with or without a history of cocaine dependence are more impulsive than controls

“Higher levels of discount delayed rewards were found in heroin addicts compared to non-addicts (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Kirby et al., 1999; Madden et al., 1997) as well with other measures of impulsivity (Clark et al.”

“Other studies have shown that age is inversely related to sensation seeking (Kosten et al., 1994; Zuckerman et al., 1978).”

“All subjects were given the self-administered Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 and the Sensation Seeking Scale version V, two commonly used instruments to measure impulsivity and sensation seeking: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Patton et al., 1995; Stanford et al., 2009) and the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zucke…”

“Drug addiction may facilitate impulsive acts by interfering with normal inhibitory controls (Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008).”

“However, in a similar study found that rats with high “impulsivity” showed greater escalation of intravenous cocaine selfadministration (Dalley et al., 2007).”

“Impulsive behavior involves a disinhibition of cognitive control that suppresses reward-driven or automatic responses (Aron, 2007) and occurs without conscious deliberation.”

“…M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript (n = 145), meeting the same criteria we have used in previous genetic studies (Bond et al., 1998; Levran et al., 2008), had 1) no alcohol intoxication or illicit drug use (except possibly cannabis) in the last 30 days, 2) no…”

“Impulsivity is a personality trait characterized by behavioral disinhibition and as “acting suddenly in an unplanned manner to satisfy a desire” (Kreek et al., 2005).”

“It was proposed that the need for intensity, change, and variety of stimulation would be reflected in the types of social, sensory, or thrill-seeking behavior in which one engages (Zuckerman, 1971).”

“Higher levels of discount delayed rewards were found in heroin addicts compared to non-addicts (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Kirby et al., 1999; Madden et al., 1997) as well with other measures of impulsivity (Clark et al., 2006; Lejuez et al., 2005; VerdejoGarcia et al., 2007).”

“The initiation of illicit drug use in some cases may be due to impaired impulse control, which may lead to drug addiction with repeated episodes of drug use (Kreek et al., 2005; Perry and Carroll, 2008).”

“Impulsiveness is common in drug dependent individuals (Reynolds, 2006).”

“High impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or…”

“High impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“, 1989a) and cocaine (Ersche et al., 2010; Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2003), use or dependence.”

“, 1997) as well with other measures of impulsivity (Clark et al., 2006; Lejuez et al., 2005; VerdejoGarcia et al., 2007).”

“…impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“…impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“In contrast, no gender differences were found in a study of impulsivity using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 in subjects with cocaine dependence and controls (Allen et al., 1998).”

“…impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“Cocaine users have been reported to be more impulsive than heroin users (Bornovalova et al., 2005a), although in our study the former heroin addicts with cocaine dependence were similar to those without cocaine codependence.”

“Cocaine users have been reported to be more impulsive than heroin users (Bornovalova et al., 2005a), although in our study the former heroin addicts with cocaine dependence were similar to those without cocaine codependence.”

“High impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“It has been characterized as “an inability to evaluate a stimulus fully before responding to it (rapid-response impulsivity), and as an inability to delay responding despite a larger reward (reward-delay impulsivity)” (Swann et al., 2009).”

“…-PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript (n = 145), meeting the same criteria we have used in previous genetic studies (Bond et al., 1998; Levran et al., 2008), had 1) no alcohol intoxication or illicit drug use (except possibly cannabis) in the last 30 days, 2) no previous history of…”

“Since differential results by gender have been reported, we included gender in our analyses (Allen et al., 1998, Andrucci et al., 1989b, Kosten et al., 1994, Lejuez et al., 2007, Satinder and Black, 1984, Sutker et al., 1978, Zuckerman, 1972).”

“Higher sensation seeking was reported in cocaine dependent subjects (Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2004), cocaine using university students (Jaffe and Archer, 1987), and was associated with more severe symptoms of substance abuse in cocaine abusers (Ball et al., 1994).”

“Higher sensation seeking was reported in cocaine dependent subjects (Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2004), cocaine using university students (Jaffe and Archer, 1987), and was associated with more severe symptoms of substance abuse in cocaine abusers (Ball et al., 1994).”

“Our results are similar to other reports on impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects, who had higher scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale when compared to controls (Ersche et al., 2010; Kjome et al., 2010; Moeller et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2004).”

“Our findings contrast with other studies on opiate use that reported higher sensation seeking on the Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscales in opiate dependent subjects entering treatment (Franques et al., 2003), higher sensation seeking in families with probands seeking treatment (Kosten et al.”

“Higher sensation seeking was reported in cocaine dependent subjects (Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2004), cocaine using university students (Jaffe and Archer, 1987), and was associated with more severe symptoms of substance abuse in cocaine abusers (Ball et al., 1994).”

“, 1997) as well with other measures of impulsivity (Clark et al., 2006; Lejuez et al., 2005; VerdejoGarcia et al., 2007).”

“A recent study that used rats separated into high and low impulsive groups found that “trait-like impulsivity” did not predict escalation of heroin self-administration across 18 days of six hour sessions (McNamara et al., 2010).”

“Acute morphine administration increased specific measures of impulsivity in rats (Kieres et al., 2004; Pattij et al., 2009).”

“Acute morphine administration increased specific measures of impulsivity in rats (Kieres et al., 2004; Pattij et al., 2009).”

“Since differential results by gender have been reported, we included gender in our analyses (Allen et al., 1998, Andrucci et al., 1989b, Kosten et al., 1994, Lejuez et al., 2007, Satinder and Black, 1984, Sutker et al., 1978, Zuckerman, 1972).”

“Administration of naltrexone, a μ-opioid antagonist, has been reported by one investigator to reduce impulsivity as reflected by delay discounting in both healthy controls and alcoholics, suggesting that stimulation of the opioid system may increase impulsivity under both stimulated and basal conditions in humans (Mit…”

“Higher sensation seeking was reported in cocaine dependent subjects (Patkar et al., 2002; Patkar et al., 2004), cocaine using university students (Jaffe and Archer, 1987), and was associated with more severe symptoms of substance abuse in cocaine abusers (Ball et al., 1994).”

“High sensation seeking predicted an earlier age of onset for substance use and abuse (Ball et al., 1994; Sutker et al., 1978), and adolescent drug use in a longitudinal study (Teichman et al., 1989).”

“, 2003), higher sensation seeking in families with probands seeking treatment (Kosten et al., 1994; Luthar et al., 1992), and higher scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale Nielsen et al.”

“Early studies hypothesized that subjects preferring sedating or depressant drugs, such as heroin, might be low in sensation seeking (Kaestner et al., 1977; Kohn et al., 1979).”

“Sensation seeking behavior may be predictive of drug abuse vulnerability, particularly in adolescence (Martin et al., 2004).”

“Siblings of opioid addicted subjects were more likely to use drugs if they had tried drugs as teenagers, had used drugs with peers, and/ or had scored higher on sensation seeking as measured by the Sensation Seeking Scale (Kosten et al., 1994; Luthar et al., 1992).”

“Since differential results by gender have been reported, we included gender in our analyses (Allen et al., 1998, Andrucci et al., 1989b, Kosten et al., 1994, Lejuez et al., 2007, Satinder and Black, 1984, Sutker et al., 1978, Zuckerman, 1972).”

“Since differential results by gender have been reported, we included gender in our analyses (Allen et al., 1998, Andrucci et al., 1989b, Kosten et al., 1994, Lejuez et al., 2007, Satinder and Black, 1984, Sutker et al., 1978, Zuckerman, 1972).”

“A nine month stay in a therapeutic community reduced Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 scores of substance abusers (Bankston et al., 2009).”

“An association has been reported between impulsivity and subjective euphoria following acute cocaine administration in male intravenous cocaine users (Cascella et al., 1994), average daily cocaine use, and cocaine withdrawal symptoms (Moeller et al.”

“…impulsivity has been found to be associated with cocaine (Bornovalova et al., 2005a; Bornovalova et al., 2005b; Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Li et al., 2006; Moeller et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Patkar et al., 2003; Verdejo-García et al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007) abuse or dependence.”

“Patients in methadone treatment scored higher on a novelty seeking scale, marginally higher on external sensation seeking, and appeared “more bored and desirous of change in their lives” than were controls (Kohn et al., 1979).”

“Self-reported impulsivity has been found to be elevated among alcohol [45], cocaine [46], opiate [47] and cannabis-dependent [44] individuals.”

“…Passetti, Humphris, & Matthews, 2012; Garavan & Hester, 2007) and increased impulsiveness (e.g., Hester & Garavan, 2004; Khurana et al., 2013; Nielsen et al., 2012; Papachristou, Nederkoorn, Havermans, van der Horst, & Jansen, 2012), and these two characteristics are known risk factors for…”

“It has emonstrated reliability and validity, and has been used previously with OD individals (Hanson et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2013; Marino et al., 2013; Nielsen et al., 2012; atton et al., 1995).”

“Addiction relapse is one of the important issues in addiction recovery (6).”

“Moreover, our results are similar to other findings on impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects assessed in other laboratories, who also demonstrated higher scores on the BIS when compared to healthy controls (Ersche et al., 2010; Kjome et al., 2010; Moeller et al., 2002; Nielsen et al., 2012; Patkar et al., 2002, 20…”

“Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that former heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment have higher impulsivity than controls, regardless of comorbid cocaine dependence (Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“of impulsivity compared to controls (Kirby, Petry, & Bickel, 1999; Nielsen et al., 2012; Robles, Huang, Simpson, & McMillan, 2011).”

“It has been well-established in the literature that heroin-dependent individuals (HDI) are more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared to healthy subjects.(4,5) These behaviors are often associated with increased risk of heroin overdose, transmission of infectious diseases, and premature death.”

“Considering that using drugs through injection and unprotected sex are the major routes of HIV transmission, identification of the underlying psychological factors in HIV patients would be of utmost importance [6–8].”

“that individuals with OUD displayed higher levels of impulsivity compared to controls (69).”

“Studies have also demonstrated that compared to controls, abstinent HDIs continue to show greater trait impulsivity (Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“Studies indicate that SDI samples are more impulsive than ontrols (Moeller and Dougherty, 2002; Nielsen et al., 2012) and uch increases in impulsivity appear to contribute to substance se severity and vulnerability to dependence (Lejuez et al.”

“…relationship between sensation-seeking and opioid use in humans (Franques et al., 2003; Kosten et al., 1994; Vest et al., 2016), while others have shown either no relationship (Conrod et al., 2000; Marino et al., 2013; Nielsen et al., 2012) or a negative relationship (Ahn and Vassileva, 2016).”

“Trait impulsivity has been examined for its association to opioid or cocaine use disorders, and persons with these SUD typically exhibit greater impulsivity than controls (Coffey et al., 2003; Moeller et al., 2001; Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“Impulsivity may mediate the effects of substance on aggression (15, 16), might contribute signifi cantly to the risk of suicide attempts in substance-dependent patients (17, 18) and may interrupt with their outpatient or inpatient treatment (19 – 21).”

“Primary outcome variables are the degree of impulsivity as measured with the Dutch version of the BIS-11 [39]; inhibitory control as measured with a cued go/no-go reaction time task [40]; degree of drug craving as measured with an altered version of the Desire for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ) [41]; actual drug use as m…”

“Also, there have been reports on more impulsiveness in heroindependent patients, possibly leading to a stronger desire for concomitant drugs (Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“In a dynamic environment, any non-rewarded selection may be indicative of a decrement in the true underlying value of the selected object to below that of alternatives, or could simply result from a probabilistic instance of no reward following optimal selection.”

“…frequent heroin use, injection (vs. non-injection) heroin use, greater heroin consumption and withdrawal severity, and lower likelihood of treatment seeking (Nielsen et al. 2012; Dissabandara et al. 2014); all factors associated with increased adverse consequences and dysfunction (de Wit 2009).”

“, in which no significance is found between ATS-abusing and non-ATSabusing OMT patients.(24,25,42) The discrepancy may be attributable to the different duration of maintenance treatment between MMT and BMT populations.”

“For many years, addiction neurobiology has been trying to decipher the mechanisms for the variability of individual predisposition to addiction [1, 2].”

“Previous research using the attentional impulsivity subscale has shown significantly higher levels of various impulsive and addictive behaviors, including pathological gambling, alcohol abuse, and illegal drug abuse (Kjome et al., 2010; Knezevic & Ledgerwood, 2012; Nielsen et al., 2012; Blackwell & Burke, 2013).”

“These findings were similar to previous studies showing higher impulsivity scores in patients with AUD (2) and OUD (10) compared to the general population.”

“Most of the self-report studies show increased trait impulsivity in opioid users compared with control individuals with no history of chronic substance use 102–105 (Table 2).”

“Lack of anger management was stated to be among causes to abandon treatment of addiction, and impulsive behaviour was stated to be more frequently seen in addicted substance users relative to those who are not addicted [26,27].”

“(12)], by choice procedures which used hypothetical rewards [e.”

“Широко відома роль цих речовин у порушеннях імунної, серцево-судинної системи, органів травлення, а також патогенезі алкоголізму та наркоманії, лімітації стрес-реакції в центральній нервовій системі та периферичних органах, спотворенні антиноціоцептивної чутливості (Nielsen et al., 2012; Khalsa, 2014; Kurniasanti, 201…”

“This may be due to the similarity of grit to other well-validated constructs, such as self-control, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking behavior, often associated with drug use (Griffin et al., 2016; Hittner & Swickert, 2006; Martin & Sher, 1992; Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“Relapse is one of the most important topics in the recovery period (3).”

“Indeed, sensation seekers are more likely to use psychostimulants (Ersche et al., 2010; Lookatch et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2012), opioids (Kosten et al., 1994), nicotine (Carton et al., 1994), and alcohol (Hittner & Swickert, 2006).”

“Heroin users also display greater impulsive choice in delay-discounting tasks (Nielsen et al., 2012).”

“The severity of impulsivity discriminated both AUDs and OUDs from healthy controls [52,53].”

“…by high levels of trait impulsivity, that trait impulsivity scales with many indicators of addiction severity (i.e., steeper escalation of heroin use, greater overall heroin consumption, greater withdrawal severity), and that trait impulsivity is associated with less treatment-seeking [17–19].”