Association of anxiety disorders with the risk of smoking behaviors: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
Abstract
Objective Published articles reported controversial results about the association of anxiety disorders with the risk of smoking behaviors. A meta-analysis was performed to assess this association between anxiety disorders and smoking behaviors. Methods A comprehensive search was performed to identify prospective observational studies (from January, 1990 to March, 2014) of the aforementioned association. The Q test and I(2) statistic were used to examine between-study heterogeneity. Fixed or random effect model was selected based on heterogeneity test among studies. Meta-regression and the "leave one out" sensitive analysis were used to explore potential sources of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated using Egger's regression asymmetry test. Results Fifteen articles were included. After excluding studies that were the key contributors to between-study heterogeneity, the meta-analysis showed a significant association of anxiety disorders with increased risk of regular smoking (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.23-1.62) and nicotine dependence (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.45-1.73). No significant influence and publication bias were observed both before and after excluding the key contributors to heterogeneity. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggested that anxiety disorders had significant positive effect on the risk of smoking behaviors. This association needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Clinical guidelines for metabolic screening upon initiation or continuation of SGAs recommend that blood pressure, BMI, blood glucose and lipids be checked at least every six months.
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- Authors
- Jiang, F., Li, S., Pan, L., Zhang, N., & Jia, C.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jia, Chongqi
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 69-76
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002649865
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, smoking behavior, nicotine dependence, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Observational Studies as Topic
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