Risk factors for stimulant use among homeless and unstably housed adult women
Open accessAbstract
Background One of the most common causes of death among homeless and unstably housed women is acute intoxication where cocaine is present. While correlates of stimulant use have been determined in prior research, few studies have assessed risk factors of use specifically in this high-risk population.Methods We sampled biological women with a history of housing instability from community-based venues to participate in a cohort study. Baseline and 6-month follow-up data were used to determine the relative risk of stimulant use (crack cocaine, powder cocaine or methamphetamine) among individuals who did not use at baseline.Results Among 260 study participants, the median age was 47 years, 70% were women of color; 47% reported having unmet subsistence needs and 53% reported abstinence from stimulants at baseline. In analyses adjusting for baseline sociodemographics and drug treatment, the risk of using stimulants within 6 months was significantly higher among women who reported recent sexual violence (Adjusted Relative Risk [ARR]=4.31; 95% CI:1.97-9.45), sleeping in a shelter or public place (ARR=2.75; 95% CI:1.15-6.57), and using unprescribed opioid analgesics (ARR=2.54; 95% CI:1.01-6.38).Conclusion We found that almost half of homeless and unstably housed women used stimulants at baseline and 14% of those who did not use began within 6 months. Addressing homelessness and sexual violence is critical to reduce stimulant use among impoverished women.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e514172006-001 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders
Dutra, L., Stathopoulou, G., Basden, S. L., Leyro, T. M., Powers, M. B., & Otto, M. W. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Data analysis 2Preprint
Wagemans, F. M. A., Brandt, M. J., & Zeelenberg, M. (2016) · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: a meta‐analysis
Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., & Roll, J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x · Cited by 877 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders
Lussier, J. P., Heil, S. H., Mongeon, J. A., Badger, G. J., & Higgins, S. T. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01311.x · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Cardiovascular complications of cocaine use
Lange, R. A., & Hillis, L. D. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200108023450507 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Development of the severity of violence against women scales
Marshall, L. L. (1992) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf00978700 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Competing priorities as a barrier to medical care among homeless adults in Los Angeles.
Gelberg, L., Gallagher, T. C., Andersen, R. M., & Koegel, P. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.2.217 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Hawthorne, G. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Strathdee, S. A., Shoveller, J., Montaner, J. S., & Tyndall, M. W. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2939 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The Everyday Violence of Hepatitis C among Young Women Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco
Bourgois, P., Prince, B., & Moss, A. (2004) · Human Organization · doi:10.17730/humo.63.3.h1phxbhrb7m4mlv0 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Functional associations among trauma, ptsd, and substance-related disorders
Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P., & Dongier, M. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00070-7 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Coffey, S. F., Saladin, M. E., Drobes, D. J., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00157-0 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Hedtke, K. A., Ruggiero, K. J., Fitzgerald, M. M., Zinzow, H. M., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.4.633 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Goodman, L. A., Smyth, K. F., Borges, A. M., & Singer, R. R. (2009) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838009339754 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Leaver, C. A., Bargh, G. J. M., Dunn, J. R., & Hwang, S. W. (2007) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9246-3 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Community Reinforcement Therapy for Cocaine-Dependent Outpatients
Higgins, S. T., Sigmon, S. C., Wong, C. J., Heil, S. H., Badger, G. J., Donham, R., Dantona, R. L., & Anthony, S. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.1043 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Kidder, D. P., Wolitski, R. J., Campsmith, M., & Nakamura, G. V. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.090209 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Health care for homeless women: Unmet needs and barriers to care
Lewis, J. H., Andersen, R. M., & Gelberg, L. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20909.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Women's health and use of crack cocaine in context: Structural and ‘everyday’ violence
Bungay, V., Johnson, J. L., Varcoe, C., & Boyd, S. C. (2010) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.12.008 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Risk factors in the relationship between gender and crack/cocaine.
Lejuez, C., Bornovalova, M., Reynolds, E., Daughters, S., & Curtin, J. (2007) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.165 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Triggers for cocaine and alcohol use in the presence and absence of posttraumatic stress disorder
Waldrop, A. E., Back, S. E., Verduin, M. L., & Brady, K. T. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults
Nyamathi, A., Dixon, E. L., Robbins, W. A., Smith, C., Wiley, D. J., LEAKE, B. D., Longshore, D. L., & Gelberg, L. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10415.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Violence, Homelessness, and HIV Risk Among Crack-Using African-American Women
Wechsberg, W. M., Lam, W. K. K., Zule, W. A., Hall, G. J., Ellerson, R. M., & Edwards, J. M. (2003) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-120017389 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Hepatitis C virus transmission among oral crack users: viral detection on crack paraphernalia
Fischer, B., Powis, J. E., Cruz, M. F., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f16a8c · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ersche, K. D., Bullmore, E. T., Craig, K. J., Shabbir, S. S., Abbott, S., Müller, U., Ooi, C., Suckling, J., Barnes, A., Sahakian, B. J., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.60 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Poverty, unstable housing, and HIV infection among women living in the United States
Riley, E. D., Gandhi, M., Hare, C. B., Cohen, J., & Hwang, S. W. (2007) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-007-0026-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationKnight, K. R., Lopez, A. M., Comfort, M., Shumway, M., Cohen, J., & Riley, E. D. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.011 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationFareed, A., Casarella, J., Amar, R., Vayalapalli, S., & Drexler, K. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000351884.83377.e2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Fischer, B., Rehm, J. T., Patra, J., Kalousek, K., Haydon, E., TYNDALL, M. W., & el‐Guebaly, N. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01614.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Social Network Characteristics and HIV Sexual Risk Behavior among Urban African American Women
Neblett, R. C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., Chander, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9513-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Review of Treatment for Cocaine Dependence
Penberthy, J. K., Ait‐Daoud, N., Vaughan, M. D., & Fanning, T. (2010) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473711003010049 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Validity of a Self-Report Questionnaire for Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder
Zimmerman, M. A. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320050006 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Raveis, V. H., & Kandel, D. B. (1987) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.77.5.607 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Substance use and predictors of substance dependence in homeless women
Torchalla, I., Strehlau, V., Li, K., & Krausz, M. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.016 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Surratt, H. L., & Inciardi, J. A. (2004) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120410001716397 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Psychostimulant Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
Mariani, J. J., & LEVIN, F. R. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.012 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Psychostimulant addiction treatment
Phillips, K. A., Epstein, D. H., & Preston, K. L. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sexual assault victims: factors associated with follow-up care.
Ackerman, D. R., Sugar, N. F., Fine, D. N., & Eckert, L. O. (2006) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.03.014 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Riley, E. D., Moore, K., Sorensen, J. L., Tulsky, J. P., Bangsberg, D. R., & Neilands, T. B. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr209 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual Risk among Impoverished Women: Understanding the Role of Housing Status
Wenzel, S. L., Tucker, J. S., Elliott, M. N., & Hambarsoomians, K. (2006) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9193-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Riley, E. D., Cohen, J., Knight, K. R., Decker, A., Marson, K., & Shumway, M. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301958 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, T. W., Kertesz, S. G., Horton, N. J., Tibbetts, N., & Samet, J. H. (2006) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-6-19 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Agonist Replacement for Stimulant Dependence: A Review of Clinical Research
Stoops, W. W., & Rush, C. R. (2013) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161281940131209142843 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Violence Against Impoverished Women
Wenzel, S. L., Tucker, J. S., Hambarsoomian, K., & Elliott, M. N. (2006) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260506288662 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Vaccines against stimulants: cocaine and MA
Kosten, T. R., Domingo, C. B., Orson, F. M., & Kinsey, B. M. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12115 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Psychiatric correlates of HAART utilization and viral load among HIV-positive impoverished persons
Carrico, A. W., Bangsberg, D. R., Weiser, S. D., Chartier, M., Dilworth, S. E., & Riley, E. D. (2011) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3283463f09 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationPetitjean, S. A., Dürsteler‐MacFarland, K. M., Croquette-Krokar, M., Strasser, J., Mueller, S. E., Degen, B., Trombini, M., Vogel, M., Walter, M., Wiesbeck, G. A., et al. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.785 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ross, H. E., Swinson, R. P., Doumani, S., & Larkin, E. J. (1995) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952999509002686 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tutty, L. M., Ogden, C. L., Giurgiu, B., et al. (2013) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801213517514 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Predicting Shelter Residence in Women Experiencing Recent Intimate Partner Violence
Galano, M. M., Hunter, E. C., Howell, K. H., Miller, L. E., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2013) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801213487056 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatments for Cocaine Dependence: Is There Something New?
Karila, L., Reynaud, M., Aubin, H., Rolland, B., Guardia, D., Cottencin, O., & Benyamina, A. (2011) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161211796150873 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Physical Attack and Rape Among Crack-Using Women
Falck, R. S., Wang, J., Carlson, R. G., et al. (2001) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.16.1.79 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Farronato, N. S., Dürsteler‐MacFarland, K. M., Wiesbeck, G. A., & Petitjean, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2013.824328 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Patel, A. A., Roston, A., Tilmon, S. J., Stern, L. F., Roston, A., Patel, D., & Keith, L. (2013) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.04.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cardiac Arrest in Patients Who Smoke Crack Cocaine
Hsue, P. Y., McManus, D. D., Selby, V. N., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.044 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Correlates of received and expressed violence persistence following substance abuse treatment
Walton, M. A., Chermack, S. T., & Blow, F. C. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00016-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reliability of self-reported Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms among substance abusers
Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Ridenour, T. A., Abdallah, A. B., & Gallagher, T. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00013-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Treatment Enrollment by Pregnant Substance Abusers
Haller, D. L., Miles, D. R., & Dawson, K. S. (2003) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120018842 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Polcin, D. L., Buscemi, R., Nayak, M. B., Korcha, R. A., & Galloway, G. P. (2011) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0b013e3182213ef1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2004: Discharges from Substance Abuse Treatment Services
(2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e592162007-001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Li, T. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0584 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Health Care Utilization Among Drug-Using and Non-Drug-Using Women
Sterk, C. E. (2002) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/79.4.586 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Factors associated with hepatitis C viremia in a large cohort of HIV-infected and -uninfected women
Operskalski, E. A., Mack, W. J., Strickler, H. D., French, A. L., Augenbraun, M. H., Tien, P. C., Villacres, M. C., Spencer, L. Y., deGiacomo, M., & Kovács, A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.021 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stahler, G. J., Shipley, T. E., Kirby, K., Godboldte, C., Kerwin, M. E., Shandler, I., & Simons, L. (2005) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2004.12.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Doran, K. M., Shumway, M., Hoff, R. A., Blackstock, O. J., Dilworth, S. E., & Riley, E. D. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.06.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationHankin, A. D., Smith, L. S., Daugherty, J., & Houry, D. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Correlates of Comorbid PTSD and Polysubstance Use in Sexual Assault Victims
Ullman, S. E., Townsend, S. M., Starzynski, L. L., & Long, L. (2006) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.21.6.725 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Correlates of HIV Infection Among African American Women from 20 Cities in the United States
Ivy, W., Miles, I., Le, B. C., & Paz‐Bailey, G. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0614-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bonugli, R. J., Lesser, J., & Escandón, S. (2013) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2013.831149 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders among patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders
Kolodziej, M. E., Griffin, M. L., Najavits, L. M., Otto, M. W., Greenfield, S. F., & Weiss, R. D. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.04.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Abuse in Addicted Patients Who Undergo Treatment
Fernández‐Montalvo, J., López-Goñi, J. J., & Arteaga, A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514539843 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gender differences in drug-addicted patients in a clinical treatment center of Spain.
Fernández-Montalvo, J., López-Goñi, J. J., Azanza, P., & Cacho, R. (2014) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12117.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Riley, E. D., Cohen, J., & Shumway, M. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6838 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBuprenorphine/naloxone versus methadone in opioid dependence: a longitudinal survey.
Curcio, F., Franco, T., Topa, M., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Individual Action and Community Context
Sterk, C. E., Elifson, K. W., & Theall, K. P. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fareed, A., Musselman, D. L., Byrd-Sellers, J., Vayalapalli, S., Casarella, J., Drexler, K. P. G., & Phillips, L. S. (2010) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e3181b6f4e5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Riley, E. D. (2005) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1093/jurban/jti015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMethamphetamine Use Among Women Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in Los Angeles County
Stahlman, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Stirland, A., Guerry, S. L., & Gorbach, P. M. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000430801.14841.75 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cocaine Hydrolase Gene Therapy for Cocaine Abuse
Brimijoin, S., & Gao, Y. (2012) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.11.183 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Psychiatric Distress in Incarcerated Women With Recent Cocaine and Alcohol Abuse
Velasquez, M. M., von Sternberg, K., Mullen, P. D., et al. (2007) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2007.02.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Novák, R., Metch, B. J., Buchbinder, S., et al. (2013) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328360c83e · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yang, P., German, D., Webster, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9610-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder
(2024) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001299 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
- Authors
- Riley, E. D., Shumway, M., Knight, K. R., Guzman, D., Cohen, J., & Weiser, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Riley, Elise D.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 173-179
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4510017
- OpenAlex
- W1584363730
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 R01DA15605, R01DA037012, R01DA015605, R01 DA036301, K24DA039780)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- stimulant use, homelessness, housing instability, women, cocaine, methamphetamine, crack cocaine, sexual violence, opioid analgesic use, risk factors, homeless shelters, substance use initiation, women of color
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Female, Ill-Housed Persons, Housing, Humans, Methamphetamine, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Offenses, Cohort Studies, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
