Early onset tobacco cigarette smokers exhibit deficits in response inhibition and sustained attention
Open accessAbstract
Background Initiation of cigarette smoking during adolescence coincides with structural and cognitive neuromaturation. Thus, early onset smokers (EOS; initiated <16 years old) may be at unique risk of altered development of executive function relative to late onset smokers (LOS; initiated >16 years old). This study quantified the effects of age of smoking onset on response impulsivity and inhibitory control using a novel smoking Go/NoGo task (Luijten et al., 2011).Methods Nicotine deprived adult EOS (n = 10) and LOS (n = 10) and adult healthy non-smokers (HNS; n = 10) were shown smoking-related and neutral images with either a blue (Go) or yellow (NoGo) frame. Participants were instructed to respond to blue-framed Go trials quickly and accurately, and withhold responding for yellow-framed NoGo trials.Results EOS made more Go response accuracy errors (p ≤ 0.02) and failed more frequently to inhibit responses to NoGo trials (p < 0.02) than LOS and HNS. EOS also made more errors in inhibiting responses to smoking-related (p ≤ 0.02) and neutral (p ≤ 0.02) NoGo trials. EOS reported greater baseline craving for cigarette smoking than LOS (p < 0.04), and craving was significantly associated with greater omission errors (p ≤ 0.04).Conclusions EOS exhibited greater difficulty than LOS in responding accurately to Go stimuli and withholding responses to both smoking and neutral NoGo stimuli, indicating greater response impulsivity, poor attention, and deficits in response inhibition. These findings suggest that EO smoking, in particular, contributes to diminished task-related attention and inhibitory control behaviors in adulthood and provide support for the tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD) theory (DeBry and Tiffany, 2008).
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Support for this theory has since been provided by human studies that show that early onset smoking contributes to long-lasting decreases in task-related attention and inhibitory control behaviors, as well as prefrontal attentional network function.
“Support for this theory has since been provided by human studies that show that early onset smoking contributes to long-lasting decreases in task-related attention and inhibitory control behaviors [122], as well as prefrontal attentional network function [123].”
From Nicotine on the developing brain. (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
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- Authors
- Mashhoon, Y., Betts, J., Farmer, S. L., & Lukas, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- McLean Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mashhoon, Yasmin
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 184
- Pages
- 48-56
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5818311
- OpenAlex
- W2782661435
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01 DA034028)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- early smoking onset, adolescent smoking initiation, response inhibition, sustained attention, executive function, nicotine craving, smoking initiation age, nicotine deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Smokers, Adult, Age Factors, Attention, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Smoking, Young Adult, Executive Function, Craving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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