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Cited by 364Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchPregnancy and Medication Impact

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Open access
Szmuilowicz, Emily D., Josefson, Jami L., Metzger, Boyd E.·2019·Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
DOI 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.001PMC PMC7008467
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Abstract

Although it has been accepted for decades that women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk for future development of type 2 diabetes, vigorous debate regarding the value of detecting and treating GDM has persisted into the twenty-first century. Although results from 2 randomized trials provide strong evidence that treating GDM reduces adverse perinatal outcomes, it remains to be determined whether treatment impacts long-term offspring outcomes. Insulin is the first-line pharmacologic treatment and is added when glycemic goals are not met with nutritional modifications. Oral agent use is controversial, as data on long-term offspring outcomes are lacking.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.001

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 101 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Existing expert guidelines offer conflicting recommendations for the drug treatment of gestational diabetes.

    “Embodying these uncertainties, current expert guidelines provide contradictory recommendations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [54] 2018, ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] 2019, Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019, Diabetes Care

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee, 2018, SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingnone given

    Studies evaluating continuous glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes are limited.

    “studies evaluating CGM use in GDM are limited.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Short-term studies have not observed prohibitive adverse fetal outcomes from oral agents used for gestational diabetes.

    “although no prohibitive adverse fetal outcomes have been observed in short-term studies”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Long-term safety data for oral agents in offspring exposed prenatally are lacking.

    “long-term safety data are lacking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The findings on continuous glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes have not been consistent.

    “these findings have not been consistent.77”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Wei, 2016, Effect of a CGMS and SMBG on maternal and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial, Sci Rep source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • May combine two claims. 21

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The NDDG 1979 definition restricted GDM to women whose onset or recognition of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance occurred during pregnancy, and this became the standard definition.

    “In 1979, the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG)4 published guidelines for the classification of diabetes and various categories of glucose intolerance including gestational diabetes, which was restricted to women in whom the “onset or recognition of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance occurred during pregnancy.” This subsequently became the standard definition of GDM.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 1979, Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group, Diabetes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    O'Sullivan and Mahan's original GDM criteria defined abnormal as two or more OGTT values at least 2 SD above the mean.

    “Values equal to or greater than 2 SD above the mean were considered abnormal, and it was arbitrarily decided that for the test to be called abnormal, 2 or more values should be elevated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] O'Sullivan, 1964, Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy, Diabetes

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Potential adverse offspring outcomes vary by age group, and avoiding one outcome does not indicate reduced risk of other adverse outcomes.

    “Potential adverse offspring outcomes vary by age group (Table 4) and avoidance of one outcome does not indicate reduction in risk of other adverse outcomes.21,24,25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Lowe, 2018, Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity, JAMA source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Schaefer-Graf, 2000, Patterns of congenital anomalies and relationship to initial maternal fasting glucose levels in pregnancies complicated by type 2 and gestational diabetes, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Wendland, 2012, Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes—a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    After delivery, continued relative fetal hyperinsulinemia uses available neonatal glucose stores, which can lead to neonatal hypoglycemia.

    “When the constant maternal flow of glucose is abruptly halted at delivery, the relative fetal hyperinsulinemia continues and uses available neonatal glucose stores, which can lead to neonatal hypoglycemia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fetal hyperinsulinemia alters lung surfactant synthesis and predisposes to respiratory distress syndrome.

    “Fetal hyperinsulinemia alters lung surfactant synthesis, and this predisposes to respiratory distress syndrome,31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Moore, 2002, A comparison of amniotic fluid fetal pulmonary phospholipids in normal and diabetic pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Offspring of mothers with GDM differ from controls not exposed to GDM in expressive language, memory recall, and facial recognition.

    “Expressive language, memory recall, and facial recognition are developmental areas studied in which offspring of mothers with GDM differ from controls not exposed to GDM.36,37”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] Fraser, 2012, Associations of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with offspring IQ and educational attainment: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Exp Diabetes Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Dionne, 2008, Gestational diabetes hinders language development in offspring, Pediatrics source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Long-term complications in GDM offspring include insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, T2DM, and psychological and developmental effects possibly related to neonatal hypoglycemia.

    “Other long-term complications are insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and T2DM, collectively termed disorders of glucose metabolism, and psychological and developmental effects that may be related to neonatal hypoglycemia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When IADPSG criteria were applied retrospectively to the HAPO cohort, 17.8% had GDM, with substantial center-to-center variation.

    “When the IADPSG criteria were applied to the HAPO study cohort retrospectively, 17.8% had GDM, and there was substantial center-to-center variation in prevalence.16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Sacks, 2012, Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study, Diabetes Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A relative fetal hypoxia occurs in utero and may underlie the risk of stillbirth and birth asphyxia.

    “A relative fetal hypoxia occurs in utero, which may underlie the risk of stillbirth and birth asphyxia.29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Dudley, 2007, Diabetic-associated stillbirth: incidence, pathophysiology, and prevention, Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Higher adiposity, as opposed to higher weight, is an important risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases and early death.

    “Higher adiposity, as opposed to higher weight, is an important risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases and early death.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Most studies reporting short-term and long-term offspring outcomes included mothers with some or all types of diabetes in pregnancy.

    “It is necessary to emphasize that most studies reporting short-term and long-term offspring outcomes were composed of mothers with some or all types of diabetes in pregnancy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    ACOG continues to recommend the traditional approach to GDM detection and diagnosis.

    “ACOG continues to recommend the traditional approach to detection and diagnosis of GDM.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The timing of obesity development differed between the Pima and Northwestern cohorts: Pima offspring weighed more at every age throughout childhood, while Northwestern offspring obesity emerged in peri-pubertal years.

    “Interestingly, the timing of obesity development was different in these 2 cohorts: among Pima Indians, offspring of diabetic mothers weighed more compared with offspring of nondiabetic mothers at every age throughout childhood,40 whereas in the Northwestern cohort, obesity among offspring of mothers with diabetes emerged in the peri-pubertal years.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Pettitt, 1987, Obesity in offspring of diabetic Pima Indian women despite normal birth weight, Diabetes Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Silverman, 1991, Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers, Diabetes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This hypoxia induces increased erythropoietin production, leading to polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate.

    “This hypoxia induces increased erythropoietin production and subsequent polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Salvesen, 1993, Fetal plasma erythropoietin in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Given high rates of combined T2DM and prediabetes and obesity in nonpregnant women of reproductive age, it is not unexpected that GDM rates are now much higher than when GDM was first recognized.

    “Given the high rates of combined T2DM and prediabetes and obesity in nonpregnant women of reproductive age (Table 2), it is not unexpected that rates of GDM are now much higher than when GDM was first recognized.1”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The high prevalence of GDM, associated treatment costs, and lack of RCT data showing benefit of treating women who meet IADPSG but not Carpenter-Coustan criteria contributed to the NIH panel's conclusions.

    “The high prevalence of GDM with associated costs of providing treatment and the lack of RCT data indicating benefit of treating individuals who meet IADPSG but not Carpenter-Coustan criteria for GDM (one or more values equal to or greater than the diagnostic threshold rather than two) contributed to the panel’s conclusions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Metformin compared with insulin has been associated with mixed outcomes: less maternal weight gain, lower postprandial glucose, and less pregnancy-induced hypertension, but higher rates of preterm birth.

    “Metformin compared with insulin use has been associated with mixed outcomes; for example, less maternal weight gain, lower postprandial glucose, and less pregnancy-induced hypertension, but higher rates of preterm birth.64”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Balsells, 2015, Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both ACOG and the American Diabetes Association recommend insulin as the preferred first-line drug therapy for gestational diabetes.

    “ACOG54 and the American Diabetes Association (ADA)57 both recommend insulin as the preferred first-line pharmacologic therapy for GDM”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [54] 2018, ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] 2019, Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019, Diabetes Care

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Literature suggests an adverse neurodevelopmental impact of gestational ketonemia.

    “Stemming from literature suggesting adverse neurodevelopmental impact of gestational ketonemia,35”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Rizzo, 1995, Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glyburide was previously thought not to cross the placenta in significant amounts, but more recent studies using more sensitive assays have demonstrated significant and highly variable transplacental transfer.

    “Although glyburide was previously thought not to cross the placenta in significant amounts,61 more recent studies using more sensitive assays have demonstrated significant and highly variable transplacental transfer of glyburide.62,63”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [61] Langer, 2000, A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] Schwartz, 2015, Glyburide transport across the human placenta, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Caritis, 2013, A pharmacologic approach to the use of glyburide in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    General total daily insulin requirements vary by gestational age, but individual requirements vary significantly.

    “General total daily insulin requirements by gestational age are shown in Table 5, but in practice, individual insulin requirements vary significantly, with some women achieving glycemic targets at significantly lower doses and others requiring significantly more.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insulin therapy is considered the first-line pharmacologic therapy for GDM because it does not cross the placenta to a significant degree.

    “Insulin therapy is considered the first-line pharmacologic therapy for GDM, as it does not cross the placenta to a significant degree.54,57”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [54] 2018, ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] 2019, Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019, Diabetes Care

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    NPH has long been considered the mainstay of basal insulin treatment during pregnancy due to its long track record of safety and effectiveness.

    “NPH has long been considered the mainstay of basal insulin treatment during pregnancy due to its long track record of safety and effectiveness,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MNT is a cornerstone of therapy for all women with GDM, and approximately 80% to 90% of women meet therapeutic targets with MNT alone.

    “Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a cornerstone of therapy for all women with GDM, and approximately 80% to 90% of women are able to meet therapeutic targets with MNT alone.12,13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Crowther, 2005, Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Landon, 2009, A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Metformin freely crosses the placenta, and fetal metformin concentration is similar to or higher than maternal concentration.

    “Metformin freely crosses the placenta, and the fetal metformin concentration is similar to or higher than the maternal concentration.67,68”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] Eyal, 2010, Pharmacokinetics of metformin during pregnancy, Drug Metab Dispos source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Vanky, 2005, Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Studies evaluating the glycemic impact of exercise in GDM are sparse.

    “Although studies evaluating glycemic impact of exercise in GDM are sparse,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lifestyle interventions have been attributed with decreased risk of macrosomia, decreased neonatal adiposity, and increased likelihood of achieving postpartum weight goals.

    “Multiple benefits have been attributed to lifestyle interventions, including decreased risk of macrosomia, decreased neonatal adiposity, and increased likelihood to achieve postpartum weight goals.12,13,50”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [12] Crowther, 2005, Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Landon, 2009, A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Brown, 2017, Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes, Cochrane Database Syst Rev

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine advises that metformin is a reasonable and safe first-line drug alternative to insulin for gestational diabetes.

    “whereas the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine advises that metformin is a reasonable and safe first-line pharmacologic alternative to insulin.74”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee, 2018, SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes, Am J Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Treatment of GDM with oral agents is controversial, and data on long-term offspring outcomes are lacking.

    “At the current time, treatment of GDM with oral agents is controversial, and data on long-term outcomes for the offspring are lacking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The paper's position that insulin is first-line for gestational diabetes aligns with the American Diabetes Association's current clinical practice recommendations.

    “This position is consistent with the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations.57”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] 2019, Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019, Diabetes Care

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    ACOG notes that oral agents, with metformin preferred over glyburide, are a reasonable alternative for women with gestational diabetes who cannot or will not use insulin.

    “ACOG54 notes that oral agents (with metformin preferred over glyburide) are a reasonable alternative for women unable or unwilling to use insulin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] 2018, ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus, Obstet Gynecol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Improved glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes have been reported with continuous glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes.

    “Although improved glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes have been reported with CGM use among women with GDM,76”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Yu, 2014, Continuous glucose monitoring effects on maternal glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Obesity prevalence among women of reproductive age is increasing.

    “With the increasing prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Carbohydrate intolerance is more marked at the morning meal.

    “Because carbohydrate intolerance can be more marked at the morning meal”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pregnancy is characterized by a greater tendency toward accelerated starvation and ketosis that can emerge during the overnight fast.

    “the greater tendency toward accelerated starvation and accompanying ketosis that characterizes the pregnant state and can emerge during the overnight fast.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, insulin resistance and insulin requirements progressively increase because placental production of diabetogenic hormones gradually rises over gestation.

    “The second and third trimesters of pregnancy are characterized by a progressive increase in insulin resistance and therefore insulin requirements because of the gradual increase in placental elaboration of diabetogenic hormones over the course of gestation.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Maternal CMDs can cause a range of negative perinatal outcomes for mother and baby, including organ injury, death, growth abnormalities, birth trauma, metabolic and respiratory problems, congenital malformations, stillbirth and neonatal death.

    “Furthermore, they can have negative perinatal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus or neonate, such as maternal end-organ injuries, maternal death, IUGR, large for gestational age, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycaemia, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome33,171,172, congenital malformations in neonates173,174, stillbirth and neonatal death.”

    From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [172]

    The Offspring Outcomes > Neonatal Complications section (page unavailable) describes large-for-gestational-age birth, shoulder dystocia, neonatal hypoglycemia, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and possible stillbirth in pregnancies affected by diabetes. It does not support the attributed maternal end-organ injury, maternal death, IUGR, or neonatal death outcomes, and its discussion is chiefly about gestational diabetes rather than maternal CMDs broadly. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Maternal diabetes mellitus, regardless of type, has long-term effects on the risk of diabetes mellitus and obesity in offspring.

    “Maternal diabetes mellitus, regardless of the type (that is, pre-existing type 1 diabetes mellitus or T2DM, or GDM), has long-term effects on the risk of diabetes mellitus and obesity in offspring172,210–216.”

    From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [172]

    The Offspring Outcomes summary reports increased adiposity and disorders of glucose metabolism in children of mothers with GDM; Childhood Complications also describes higher obesity rates after exposure to diabetes in pregnancy. The paper notes that long-term studies included mothers with some or all types of diabetes, but it does not establish the claimed risks separately for pre-existing type 1 diabetes, pre-existing type 2 diabetes, and GDM. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • GDM is a common pregnancy complication and a growing public health issue.

    “Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy, is a common pregnancy complication and a growing public health issue (Alfadhli, 2015; Johns et al., 2018; Szmuilowicz et al., 2019).”

    From Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study (2023) · cites this paper as Szmuilowicz et al., 2019

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

7 of the 85 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. 2013, National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus, March 4-6, 2013, Obstet Gynecol, 122, 358

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Szmuilowicz, E. D., Josefson, J. L., & Metzger, B. E.
Affiliations
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author
Metzger, Boyd E.
ORCID
Venue
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-09
Volume
48
Issue
3
Pages
479-493
ISSN
0889-8529 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.001
PMC
PMC7008467
OpenAlex
W2949235340
Cited by
364
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1
FWCI
4.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK118403)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
Keywords
gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes risk, GDM treatment, insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs, dietary management, glycemic control, perinatal outcomes, offspring outcomes, long-term outcomes
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Puerperal Disorders, Diabetes, Gestational

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