Stakeholder perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by Green Infrastructure in New York City
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Maintaining, inspecting, and monitoring BMPs is a small but annual cost compared to the large, infrequent costs usually associated with grey infrastructure projects, causing further challenges to Phase II MS4 permittees that may lack manpower in maintenance departments and/or employees dedicated to work on urban stormwater programs.
“Maintaining, inspecting, and monitoring BMPs is a small but annual cost compared to the large, infrequent costs usually associated with grey infrastructure projects (Vineyard et al. 2015;Chini et al. 2017;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020), causing further challenges to Phase II MS4 permittees that may lack manpower”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAchieving the benefit of local communities seeing stormwater systems as providing tangible local benefits requires managers to include communities in decision-making processes.
“Achieving this benefit requires managers to include communities in decision-making processes and can help create resilient and effective programs with local social and ecological co-benefits (BenDor et al. 2018;Hoover and Hopton 2019;Miller and Montalto 2019).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Conclusions (page unavailable) say that designing green infrastructure to provide multiple ecosystem services may increase public support and local value. Refocusing GI Programs (page unavailable) likewise recommends aligning investment with community values. The paper does not say that achieving these benefits requires managers to include communities in decision-making processes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncluding communities in decision-making processes can help create resilient and effective stormwater programs with local social and ecological co-benefits.
“Achieving this benefit requires managers to include communities in decision-making processes and can help create resilient and effective programs with local social and ecological co-benefits (BenDor et al. 2018;Hoover and Hopton 2019;Miller and Montalto 2019).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Introduction advocates incorporating stakeholder perceptions into ecosystem-service valuation and notes that insufficient community input in designs can undermine support for green infrastructure. Refocusing GI Programs says aligning investments with community values could increase long-term public support. The paper does not establish that including communities in decision-making creates more resilient or effective stormwater programs. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnsuring public education and outreach materials focus on stakeholder values and preferences will improve local buy-in and create long-term support for urban stormwater planning and management programs.
“Ensuring public education and outreach materials focus on stakeholder values and preferences will improve local buy-in and create long-term support for urban stormwater planning and management programs (Coleman et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;McKenzie 2021).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
In “Beyond Stormwater Management” (page not provided), the paper proposes refocusing GI messaging on locally valued benefits as a way that may increase public support. It also warns that a mismatch between residents’ values and stormwater-focused investments could lead to long-term dissatisfaction. The citing sentence turns those possibilities into a definite claim that education and outreach will improve buy-in and create long-term support, which the paper does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased urban green space from green stormwater infrastructure corresponds to increases in residents' physical and mental health.
“Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality, increase urban green space (with corresponding increases in residents' physical and mental health), and potentially decrease crime while addressing some societal inequity (Ashley et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes stormwater green infrastructure as including parks, street trees, and community gardens, and says ecosystem services are essential to human health and well-being. It does not establish that increasing urban green space corresponds to increases in residents’ physical and mental health; the study examines stakeholder perceptions rather than health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
These requirements necessitate a consistent investment of time and money compared to the single (though larger) investment necessary for grey infrastructure.
“These requirements necessitate a consistent investment of time and money compared to the single (though larger) investment necessary for grey infrastructure (Miller and Montalto 2019).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Introduction (page unavailable) says green infrastructure can have more regular operations and maintenance costs than comparable gray infrastructure, supporting the claim of recurring expenditure. It does not describe gray infrastructure as requiring only a single investment; it explicitly refers to gray infrastructure's operations and maintenance costs. The claim's reference to a consistent investment of time is also not established. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCitizen participation can aid in maintenance and also encourage stakeholder buy-in.
“Citizen participation can aid in maintenance and also encourage stakeholder buy-in, as was shown to be the case with volunteers who were trained to aid in maintenance of bioswales in New York City, who were then more likely to support additional green stormwater infrastructure and identify its benefits (Miller and Montalto 2019).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Study Recruitment describes NYC citizen scientists trained to maintain and monitor green infrastructure, but Group 2 also included people they recruited, not only trained volunteers. The Structured Survey reports that Group 2 more often wanted additional bioswales, and Refocusing GI Programs says they valued bioswale services more highly than other resident groups and suggests citizen involvement could ease maintenance. The paper does not show that training caused volunteers to become more supportive or better able to identify benefits. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMeeting stakeholder aesthetic and cultural preferences for BMPs and urban landscape design as part of programs to maintain diverse ecosystem services can lead local communities to see stormwater systems as providing tangible local benefits.
“Meeting stakeholder aesthetic and cultural preferences for BMPs and urban landscape design as part of programs to maintain diverse ecosystem services can lead local communities to see stormwater systems as providing tangible local benefits (Miller and Montalto 2019;Darnthamrongkul and Mozingo 2020;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Local communities may not easily recognize the value of ecosystem services resulting from green infrastructure changes.
“but local communities may not easily recognize the value of ecosystem services resulting from these changes (Elmqvist et al. 2015;Coleman et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Green stormwater infrastructure can increase urban green space.
“Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality, increase urban green space (with corresponding increases in residents' physical and mental health), and potentially decrease crime while addressing some societal inequity (Ashley et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality.
“Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality, increase urban green space (with corresponding increases in residents' physical and mental health), and potentially decrease crime while addressing some societal inequity (Ashley et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
Green stormwater infrastructure can address some societal inequity.
“Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality, increase urban green space (with corresponding increases in residents' physical and mental health), and potentially decrease crime while addressing some societal inequity (Ashley et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Knowledge and Perceptions section describes environmental inequities in Bronx neighborhoods, but does not say green stormwater infrastructure can address them. It instead suggests some respondents may doubt that GI could help overcome structural injustices. The Conclusions discuss increasing GI’s local value, not reducing societal inequity; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreen stormwater infrastructure can potentially decrease crime.
“Green stormwater infrastructure can address poor air quality, increase urban green space (with corresponding increases in residents' physical and mental health), and potentially decrease crime while addressing some societal inequity (Ashley et al. 2018;Miller and Montalto 2019;William et al. 2020).”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Miller and Montalto 2019
The Knowledge and Perceptions section mentions less crime only as a possible priority that some respondents may not perceive green infrastructure to address. It does not assess whether green stormwater infrastructure could decrease crime. Searches for crime reduction and public safety found no supporting passage in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 45
- Andersson, e., McPhearson, T., Kremer, P., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Haase, D., . . . & Wurster, D. (2014). Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units. Ecosystem Services, 12, 157- 164. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.08.001 · DOI
- Barlett, J.E., Kotrlik, J.W., Higgins, C.C. (2001). Organizational Research: Determinign Appropraite Sample Size in Survey Research. Informational Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50.
- Baur, J. W. R., Tynon, J. F., & Gómez, E. (2013). Attitudes about urban nature parks: A case study of users and nonusers in Portland, Oregon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 117, 100-111. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.015 · DOI
- Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S., & Müller, F. (2012). Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators, 21, 17-29. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019 · DOI
- Campbell, L. K. (2014). Constructing New York City's Urban Forest. In L. A. Sandberg, A. Bardekjian, & S. Butt (Eds.), Urban Forests, Trees, and Green Space: A political ecology perspective (pp. 242-250). New York: Routledge.
- Camps-Calvet, M., Langemeyer, J., Calvet-Mir, L., & Gómez-Baggethun, E. (2016). Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain: insights for policy and planning. Environmental Science and Policy, 62, 14-23. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.007 · DOI
- City of Toronto (COT). (2013). Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 492, Green Roofs. Toronto, CA. Retrived from: http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/municode/1184_492.pdf
- Coutts, C., & Hahn, M. (2015). Green Infrastructure, Ecosystem Services, and Human Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12(8), 9768-9798. doi:10.3390/ijerph120809768 · DOI
- de Sousa, M.R.C., Miller, S.M., Dorsch, M., & Montalto, F.A. (2016). Green Infrastructure as a Climate Change Resiliency Strategy in Jamaica Bay, NY. In E. Sanderson, W. Solecki, J. Waldman, & A. Parris (Eds.), Prospects for Resilience: Loss, Recovery and the Future of New York City's Jamaica Bay. New York: Island Press.
- de Sousa, M.R.C., Montalto, F. A., & Spatari, S. (2012). Using Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate Green and Grey Combined Sewer Overflow Control Strategies. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(6), 901-913. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00534.x · DOI
- Dennis, M., & James, P. (2016). Site-specific factors in the production of local urban ecosystem services: a case study of community-managed green space. Ecosystem Services, 17, 208-216. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.01.003 · DOI
- Echols, S., & Pennypacker, E. (2008). Stormwater as amenity: The application of artful rainwater design. Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
- Elmqvist, T., Setala, H., Handel, S.N., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., . . . & de Groot, R. (2015). Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecosystem Services, 14, 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001 · DOI · Paper page
- Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., & Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of Green Infrastructure. Built Environment, 33(1), 115-133.
- Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Barton, D. N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics, 86, 235-245. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019 · DOI
- Jones, S., & Somper, C. (2014). The role of green infrastructure in climate change adaptation in London. The Geographical Journal, 180(2), 191-196. doi:10.1111/geoj.12059 · DOI
- Jungels, J., Rakow, D. A., Allred, S. B., & Skelly, S. M. (2013). Attitudes and aesthetic reactions toward green roofs in the Northeastern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 117, 13-21. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.013 · DOI
- Kelemen, E., Barton, D., Jacobs, S., Martín-López, B., Saarikoski, H., & Termansen, M. (2015). Preliminary guidelines for integrated assessment and valuation of ecosystem services in specific policy contexts (EU FP7 OpenNESS Project Deliverable 4.3., European Commission FP7). Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sander_Jacobs/publication/287444840_Preliminary_guideli nes_for_integrated_assessment_and_valuation_of_ecosystem_services_in_specific_policy_conte xts/links/59e46b63aca2724cbfe901cf/Preliminary-guidelines-for-integrated-assessment-and- valuation-of-ecosystem-services-in-specific-policy-contexts.pdf
- King, E., Cavender-Bares, J., Balvanera, P., Mwampamba, T.H., & Polasky, S. (2015). Trade-offs in ecosystem services and varying stakeholder preferences: evaluating conflicts, obstacles, and opportunities. Ecology and Society, 20(3): 25.
- Kopperoinen, L., Itkonen, P., & Niemelä, J. (2014). Using expert knowledge in combining green infrastructure and ecosystem services in land use planning: an insight into a new place-based methodology. Landscape Ecology, 29(8), 1361-1375. doi:10.1007/s10980-014-0014-2 · DOI
- Lovell, S. T., & Taylor, J. R. (2013). Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 28(8), 1447-1463. doi:10.1007/s10980- 013-9912-y · DOI
- Luedertiz, C., Brink, E., Gralla, F., Hermelingmeier, V., Meyer, M., . . . & von Wehrden, H. (2015). A review of urban ecosystem services: size key challenges for future research. Ecosystem Services, 14, 98-112. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.05.001 · DOI
- Lundy, L., & Wade, R. (2011). Integrating sciences to sustain urban ecosystem services. Progress in Physical Geography, 35(5), 653-669. doi:10.1177/0309133311422464 · DOI · Paper page
- Lyytimäki, J., Petersen, L. K., Normander, B., & Bezák, P. (2008). Nature as a nuisance? Ecosystem services and disservices to urban lifestyle. Environmental Sciences, 5(3), 161-172. doi:10.1080/15693430802055524 · DOI
- Maes, J., Barbosa, A., Baranzelli, C., Zulian, G., Batista, E. S. F., Vandecasteele, I., . . . & Lavalle, C. (2015). More green infrastructure is required to maintain ecosystem services under current trends in land-use change in Europe. Landscape Ecology, 30(3), 517-534. doi:10.1007/s10980-014- 0083-2 · DOI
- Martin, D.M., & Mazzotta, M. (2018). Non-monetary valuation using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Sensitivity of additive aggregation methods to scaling and compensation assumptions. Ecosystem Services, 29, 13-22. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.022 · DOI
- McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public's Views of Global Warming, 2001-2010. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 155-194.
- McPhearson, T., Hamstead, Z. A., & Kremer, P. (2014). Urban ecosystem services for resilience planning and management in New York City. Ambio, 43(4), 502-515. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0509-8 · DOI
- Moller, I., Kudella, M., Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Maike, P., van Wesenbeeck, B.K.,…Schimmels, S. (2014). Wave Attenuation Over Coastal Salt Marshes Under Storm Surge Conditions. Nature Geoscience, 7(10), 727-731.
- Montalto, F.A., Behr, C., Alfredo, K., Wolf, M., Arye, M., & Walsh, M. (2007). Rapid assessment of the cost-effectiveness of low impact development for CSO control. Landscape and Urban Planning, 82(3), 117-131. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.004 · DOI · Paper page
- Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B., Coffman, R. R., Doshi, H., Dunnett, N., . . . & Rowe, B. (2007). Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. BioScience, 57(10), 823-833.
- Pulighe, G., Fava, G., & Lupia, F. (2016). Insights and opportunities from mapping ecosystem services of urban green spaces and potentials in planning. Ecosystem Services, 22, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.004 · DOI
- Ruiz-Frau, A., Krause, T., & Marba, N. (2018). The use of sociocultural valuation in sustainable environmental management. Ecosystem Services, 29, 158-167. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.12.013 · DOI
- Santos-Martin, F., Kelemen, E., Garcia-Llorente, M., Jacobs, S., Oteros-Rozas, E., Barton, D. N., … & Martin-Lopez, B. (2017). Socio-cultural valuation approaches. In B. Burkhard & J. Maes (Eds.) Mapping Ecosystem Services (pp. 104-114). Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers.
- Scholte, S.S.K., van Teeffelen, A.J.A., & Verburg, P.H. (2015). Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation: A review of concepts and methods. Ecological Economics, 114, 67-78.
- Svendsen, E. S., Campbell, L. K., & McMillen, H. L. (2016). Stories, Shrines, and Symbols: Recognizing Psycho-Social-Spiritual Benefits of Urban Parks and Natural Areas. Journal of Ethnobiology, 36(4), 881-907.
- Travaline, K., Montalto, F., & Hunold, C. (2015). Deliberative Policy Analysis and Policy-making in Urban Stormwater Management. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 17(5), 691-708. doi:10.1080/1523908x.2015.1026593 · DOI
- Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001 · DOI
- Van Liere, K. D., & Dunlap, R. E. (1980). The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 181- 197.
- Vandermeulen, V., Verspecht, A., Vermeire, B., Van Huylenbroeck, G., & Gellynck, X. (2011). The use of economic valuation to create public support for green infrastructure investments in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 103(2), 198-206. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.010 · DOI
- Vineyard, D., Ingwersen, W. W., Hawkins, T. R., Xue, X., Demeke, B., & Shuster, W. (2015). Comparing Green and Grey Infrastructure Using Life Cycle Cost and Environmental Impact: A Rain Garden Case Study in Cincinnati, OH. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 51(5), 1342-1360. doi:10.1111/1752-1688.12320 · DOI · Paper page
- Wamsley, T.V., Cialone, M.A., Smith, J.M., Atkinson, J.H., & Rosati, J.D. (2010). The potential of wetlands Wang, D., Brown, G., & Liu, Y. (2015). The physical and non-physical factors that influence perceived access to urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 133, 53-66. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.007 · DOI
- Wang, R., Eckelman, M. J., & Zimmerman, J. B. (2013). Consequential environmental and economic life cycle assessment of green and gray stormwater infrastructures for combined sewer systems. Environ Sci Technol, 47(19), 11189-11198. doi:10.1021/es4026547 · DOI
- Young, R. F. (2011). Planting the Living City. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(4), 368- 381. doi:10.1080/01944363.2011.616996 · DOI
- Zidar, K., Belliveau-Nance, M., Cucchi, A., Denk, D., Kricun, A., O'Rourke, S., . . . & Montalto, F.A. (2017b). A Framework for Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Investment in Camden, NJ. Urban Planning, 2(3), 56-73. doi:10.17645/up.v2i3.1038 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stakeholders’ Engagement on Nature-Based Solutions: A Systematic Literature Review
Ferreira, V., Barreira, A., Loures, L., Antunes, D., & Panagopoulos, T. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12020640 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Diep, L., Parikh, P., Duarte, B. P. D. S., Bourget, A. F., Dodman, D., & Martins, J. R. S. (2022) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.06.020 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Sustainable Development of Eco-Cities: A Bibliometric Review
Tang, W., Niu, Z., Wei, Z., & Zhu, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710502 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities
Rieck, L., Carson, C., Hawley, R. J., Heller, M., Paul, M., Scoggins, M., Zimmerman, M., & Smith, R. F. (2022) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-021-01179-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“2018; Miller and Montalto 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Miller, S. M., & Montalto, F. A.
- Affiliations
- National Snow and Ice Data Center (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Montalto, Franco A.
- ORCID
- Montalto, Franco A.
- Venue
- Ecosystem Services
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 37
- Pages
- 100928
- ISSN
- 2212-0416 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2941498251
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecosystem Services (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation’s (CMMI 1325676)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA15OAR4310147)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- green infrastructure, stakeholder perspectives, stormwater management, urban water quality, coastal wetlands, storm surge protection, green roofs, community gardens, New York City
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
