Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is very complex. Induction of iNOS expression and hence NO production has been described to have beneficial antiviral, antiparasital, microbicidal, immunomodulatory, and antitumoral effects. However, induced at the wrong place or at the wrong time, iNOS has detrimental consequences and seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of different human diseases. The pathways regulating iNOS expression seem to vary in different cells or different species. In general, activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1alpha and thereby activation of the iNOS promoter seems to be an essential step in the regulation of iNOS expression in most cells. Also, post-transcriptional mechanisms are critically involved in the regulation of iNOS expression.
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Inducible NOS is expressed in multiple cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli such as endotoxin and cytokines.
“This isoform is expressed in multiple cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli such as that induced by endotoxin and cytokines, e.g. interleukin-1 and -2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ (27, 32).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
For inducible NOS to kill microbes, parasites, or cancer cells, high levels of NO are needed to destroy FeS centers and respiratory proteins in the target organism.
“At the extreme of this spectrum, it is known that for inducible NOS to kill microbes, parasites, or cancer cells, high levels of NO are needed to destroy FeS centers and respiratory proteins in the target organism (28, 31, 32, 46).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
NOS2 has the highest capacity to generate NO and is expressed in multiple cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli.
“NOS2 (also termed inducible NOS or iNOS), which has the highest capacity to generate NO, is expressed in multiple cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli [75, 76].”
From Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide (2014) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Kleinert, H., Pautz, A., Linker, K., & Schwarz, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kleinert, Hartmut
- Venue
- European Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 500
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 255-266
- ISSN
- 0014-2999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096015727
- Cited by
- 705
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, NF-κB, STAT1, iNOS promoter, transcription factors, post-transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, Messenger, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Protein Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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