A grafted copolymer-based nanomicelles for topical ocular delivery of everolimus: formulation, characterization, ex-vivo permeation, in-vitro ocular toxicity, and stability study
Abstract
Treatment of posterior uveitis via topical route is desirable but cannot be achieved by conventional drug delivery strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a topical nanomicellar formulation of an immunosuppressant drug, everolimus using Soluplus®, a grafted copolymer of polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinylalcohol-polyethyleneglycol (PVCL-PVA-PEG) for improved permeation through ocular epithelia with minimal or no irritation resulting in enhanced ocular bioavailability at the posterior segments of the eye for the treatment of uveitis. Soluplus-everolimus nano micelles were found to have a low CMC (7.2 µg/ml) and 65.55 nm in size. The prepared nanomicelles were characterized for surface morphology by TEM, SEM, and AFM and found to have spherical particles with a smooth surface. The nanomicelles were found to have high encapsulation efficiency and result in sustained release of everolimus when compared with everolimus suspension. The everolimus nanomicelles showed significantly higher permeation across goat cornea than everolimus suspension (p<0.001). CLSM of prepared nanomicelles confirmed the deeper permeation through the goat cornea. These results indicated the significantly higher accessibility and improved drug bioavailability thus, everolimus nanomicelles could be considered a promising topical drug delivery nanocarrier for treating uveitis.
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Everolimus nanomicelles showed markedly greater ability to permeate across goat cornea than everolimus suspension.
“The everolimus nanomicelles showed markedly greater ability to permeate across goat cornea than everolimus suspension [107].”
From From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
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Drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology for the treatment of eye diseases
Khaled, M. T. O., Zaater, A., Amor, I. B., Zeghoud, S., Amor, A. B., Hemmami, H., & Alhamad, A. A. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001399 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In this research, everolimus-loaded positively charged Soluplus was used to boost ocular bioavailability for the treatment of uveitis by improving penetrability through eye epithelia with no or moderate irritation [88] .”
MethodAnsari, M., Gupta, C., Kulkarni, Y. A., & Singh, K. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125235 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gogoi, N. R., Marbaniang, D., Pal, P., Ray, S., & Mazumder, B. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology · doi:10.2174/2211738510666220806102612 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Santiago, M. G., da Silva, C. D., de Souza, B. M., Assis, B. R. D., Pinto, P. N., Keller, K. M., Vilela, R., de Oliveira, C. S. F., & Goulart, G. A. C. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122619 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Novel Polyvinyl-Alcohol Microsphere for Everolimus Delivery for Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Louis, L., Chee, B. S., Louis, N., de Lima, G. G., McAfee, M., Murphy, A., & Nugent, M. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104204 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Posaconazole-hemp seed oil loaded nanomicelles for invasive fungal disease
Rathee, A. S., Solanki, P., Emad, N. A., Zai, I., Ahmad, S., Alam, S., Alqahtani, A. S., Noman, O. M., Kohli, K., & Sultana, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66074-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, this low CMC value has played a crucial role in maintaining the stability of these nano micelles for 3 months 21,41 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKailasam, V., Hiremath, M. S., Pandiyan, S., Nagarjuna, V., Garg, P., & Nirmal, J. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.125149 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics
Sun, M., Wang, J., Fan, W., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Ding, S., Zhang, C., Feng, Z., Wang, Y.-G., et al. (2025) · Materials today. Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102537 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The everolimus nanomicelles showed markedly greater ability to permeate across goat cornea than everolimus suspension [107].”
Ramarao, C. T., & Pavani, P. (2023) · Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.4103/epj.epj_43_22 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Abd-Elmonem, E. M., Makky, A. M. A., Anter, A., Abd-Elsalam, W. H., & Khalil, I. A. H. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104614 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ansari, M., Kulkarni, Y. A., & Singh, K. (2025) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1080/10837450.2025.2469321 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…was retained in the thermogram of optimized sorafenib loaded polymeric nanomicelles of soluplus (F1) (Figure 3c), while the drug peak extinct, establishing the existence of soluplus in the nanomicelles and complete encapsulation or solubilization of the drug without leakage (Mehra et al. 2021).”
Atef, B., Ishak, R. A. H., Badawy, S. S., & Osman, R. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114379 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Szalai, B., Jójárt‐Laczkovich, O., Kovács, A., Berkó, S., Sipos, B., Katona, G., & Budai-Szűcs, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178414 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Despite the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the precise mechanism, studies have demonstrated that Soluplus nanomicelles may significantly enhance ocular permeation via the topical route [25].”
InfluentialRecent Advancements and Patent Search on Polymeric Nanoparticles
Patnaik, A., Jena, G. K., & Patra, C. N. (2023) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-023-01220-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Briceño, V. F., Alava, K. H., Bernabeu, E., Fuentes, P., Devoto, T. B., Höcht, C., Chiappetta, D. A., Cuestas, M. L., & Moretton, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106126 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Drug-like properties and topical delivery of rapalogs and tacrolimus in ophthalmology
Sigurðsson, H. H., Jansook, P., & Loftsson, Þ. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106207 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sustained Ocular Delivery of Moxifloxacin–Ufasomes-Laden In Situ Gel for Keratitis Management
El-Fadaly, G., Ghorab, D. M., Sorogy, H. M. E., Eldin, S. S., Sabet, M. A., & Teba, H. E. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19020313 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The The PS of the formed MOX-UFAs was shown to increase significantly ( p 0.0001) in response to an increase in the amount of oleic acid (X1), as larger bilayer vesicles formed to minimize the exposure of the chains of hydrocarbons to water [53,54].”
InfluentialTyagi, R., Waheed, A., Kumar, N., Ahad, A., Mujeeb, M., Naved, T., & Madan, S. (2023) · Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01932691.2023.2256387 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The in-vitro release of PZE suspension and PZE-Ns-Opt study was conducted by the dialysis method [23] .”
Recent progress in polymeric micelle-Enabled targeted Nanotherapeutics for diabetic retinopathy
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“One such self-micellizing polymer, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate– polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®) (Figure 1A), has been incorporated into numerous drug release systems based on ASDs [28], nanoparticles [29], nanomicelles [30], 3D printed scaffolds [31], and self-microemulsifying systems [32].”
BackgroundAdvances in Ophthalmic Formulation Development
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“[22] The in-vitro release tests were completed using vertical Franz diffusion cells with an effective diffusion area of 5 cm 2 .”
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“…characterized for particle size, zeta potential and poly dispersity index employing Zeta sizer. the measurements were performed in a disposable cuvette in water as dispersant at temperature of 25 °c, using 90° degree angle of incident beam. all the measurements were carried out in triplicate [24].”
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- Authors
- Mehra, N., Aqil, M., & Sultana, Y.
- Affiliations
- Jamia Hamdard (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sultana, Yasmin
- Venue
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 105735
- ISSN
- 0928-0987 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3128065936
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University Grants Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- everolimus, nanomicelles, topical ocular drug delivery, posterior uveitis, Soluplus, corneal permeation, ocular toxicity, sustained drug release, ocular bioavailability, immunosuppressants
- MeSH terms
- Everolimus, Toxic Optic Neuropathy, Humans, Micelles, Solubility, Nanoparticles, Administration, Ophthalmic
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