How do polymeric micelles cross epithelial barriers?
Abstract
Non-parenteral delivery of drugs using nanotechnology-based delivery systems is a promising non-invasive way to achieve effective local or systemic drug delivery. The efficacy of drugs administered non-parenterally is limited by their ability to cross biological barriers, and epithelial tissues particularly present challenges. Polymeric micelles can achieve transepithelial drug delivery because of their ability to be internalized into cells and/or cross epithelial barriers, thereby delivering drugs either locally or systematically following non-parenteral administration. This review discusses the particular characteristics of various epithelial barriers and assesses their potential as non-parenteral routes of delivery. The material characteristics of polymeric micelles (e.g., size, surface charge, and surface decoration) and of unimers dissociated from polymeric micelles determine their interactions (non-specific and/or specific) with mucus and epithelial cells as well as their intracellular fate. This paper outlines the mechanisms governing the major modes of internalization of polymeric micelles into epithelial cells, with an emphasis on specific recent examples of the transport of drug-loaded polymeric micelles across epithelial barriers.
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Amphiphilic polymers used for micelles preparation can interact with biological membranes and display inherent biological activity, including an inhibitory effect on efflux pumps responsible for MDR in chemotherapy.
“Additionally, amphiphilic polymers used for micelles preparation can interact with biological membranes and display inherent biological activity: it is well known the inhibitory effect of several polymers on the efflux pumps responsible for MDR in chemotherapy [22,23].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
The CMC value is the most important parameter to define micelles thermodynamic stability.
“The CMC value is the most important parameter to define micelles thermodynamic stability.”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Kinetic stability is an index of the micelles tendency to disassembly over time when the system is diluted below the CMC.
“In addition to thermodynamic stability, another fundamental parameter is the kinetic stability, an index of the micelles tendency to disassembly over time when the system is diluted below the CMC [22].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
The length of the polymer hydrophobic chain, in addition to the type and level of substituents, is pivotal for defining the degree of encapsulation.
“The length of the polymers hydrophobic chain, in addition to the type and level of substituents, is pivotal for defining the degree of encapsulation [22,81].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Differences in micellar shape are mainly related to the structure of polymers used and to the characteristics of the surrounding environment in terms of temperature, pH and composition.
“The differences in micellar shape are mainly related to the structure of polymers used [22,74] and to the characteristics of the surrounding environment in terms of temperature, pH and composition [74].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Although micelles are commonly depicted as spherical systems, rod-like, worm-like or disk-like structures can be observed.
“Although micelles are commonly depicted as spherical systems, in some cases it is possible to observe the presence of rod-like, worm-like or even disk-like structures [22,72,73].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
For hydrophobic drugs, the amount loaded strictly depends on the hydrophobic interactions occurring between the drug and the micellar core.
“Concerning hydrophobic drugs, the amount loaded strictly depends on the hydrophobic interactions occurring between the drug and the micellar core.”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Size and surface charge are involved in the regulation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties of micellar systems, so their determination by DLS is fundamental to predict micelles behavior when in contact with body fluids and tissues.
“As size and surface charge are involved in the regulation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties of micellar systems, their determination by DLS is fundamental to predict micelles behavior when in contact with body fluids and tissues [22,64].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Pepić, I., Lovrić, J., & Filipović-Grčić, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Corresponding author
- Pepić, Ivan
- Venue
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-55
- ISSN
- 0928-0987 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2031754029
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- polymeric micelles, epithelial barrier function, mucus, surface decoration, intracellular fate
- MeSH terms
- Absorption, Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Cell Membrane, Drug Carriers, Endocytosis, Epithelium, Humans, Micelles, Particle Size, Polymers, Surface Properties, Drug Delivery Systems, Administration, Mucosal
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