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Cited by 396

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014

Open access
Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, Inekwe, John, Ivanovski, Kris, Smyth, Russell·2018·Energy Economics
DOI 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.004
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Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions play an important role in global warming. Consequently, studying the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic development is important, especially when viewed from a historical perspective. We test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for a panel of 20 OECD nations, dating back to the first globalization boom in the nineteenth century. Utilising recently developed panel data estimators that account for cross-sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity, for the period 1870 to 2014, we find support for the EKC hypothesis for the panel as a whole with three of our preferred four estimators, with turning points in income per capita that lie between $18,955 and $89,540 (in 1990 US$). Country-specific results, however, only provide mixed support for the EKC hypothesis. Specifically, we find evidence of an EKC for nine of the 20 countries, with five exhibiting a traditional inverted U-shaped relationship, three exhibiting an N-shaped relationship and one, an inverted N-shaped relationship.

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Metadata

Authors
Awaworyi Churchill, S., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R.
Venue
Energy Economics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-09
Volume
75
Pages
389-399
ISSN
0140-9883 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.004
OpenAlex
W2891623757
Cited by
396
References
87
FWCI
51.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.004
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Awaworyi Churchill, S., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2018). The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014. Energy Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.004

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