The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Urinary bisphenol A and obesity: NHANES 2003–2006
Open accessAbstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical suspected of causing endocrine and metabolic disruption in animals and humans. In rodents, in utero exposure to low-dose BPA is associated with weight gain. Detectable levels of BPA are found in most Americans due to its widespread use in the manufacture of food and drink packaging. We hypothesized that urinary BPA concentrations would be positively associated with general and central obesity. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of urinary BPA concentrations, body mass index, and waist circumference in 2747 adults (aged 18–74), using pooled data from the 2003/04 and 2005/06 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Results The creatinine-adjusted geometric mean urinary BPA concentration was 2.05 µg/g creatinine (25th percentile: 1.18, 75% percentile: 3.33). Relative to those in the lowest BPA quartile, participants in the upper BPA quartiles were more likely to be classified as obese (quartile 2 odds ratio (OR): 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 2.79; quartile 3 OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.05–2.44; quartile 4 OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.06–2.94). Higher BPA concentration was also associated with abdominal obesity (quartile 2 OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.36; quartile 3 OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.02–1.90; quartile 4 OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.03–2.42). Conclusions Higher BPA exposure is associated with general and central obesity in the general adult population of the United States. Reverse causation is of concern due to the cross-sectional nature of this study; longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the direction of the association.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Willett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010492 · Cited by 2,901
Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4- tertiary -Octylphenol: 2003–2004
Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L.-Y., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2008) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10753 · Cited by 1,743
Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty
Howdeshell, K. L., Hotchkiss, A. K., Thayer, K. A., Vandenbergh, J. G., & vom Saal, F. S. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44517 · Cited by 820
Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06
Melzer, D., Rice, N. E., Lewis, C., Henley, W. E., & Galloway, T. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008673 · Cited by 572
Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A Alters Early Adipogenesis in the Rat
Somm, E., Schwitzgebel, V. M., Toulotte, A., Cederroth, C. R., Combescure, C., Nef, S., Aubert, M. L., & Hüppi, P. S. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.11342 · Cited by 467
Bisphenol A affects glucose transport in mouse 3T3‐F442A adipocytes
Sakurai, K., Kawazuma, M., Adachi, T., Harigaya, T., Saito, Y., Hashimoto, N., & Mori, C. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705520 · Cited by 156
Cited by
EDC-2: the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Gore, A. C., Chappell, V. A., Fenton, S. E., Flaws, J. A., Nadal, A., Prins, G. S., Toppari, J., & Zoeller, R. T. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1010 · Cited by 2,407
Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature
Rochester, J. R. (2013) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.008 · Cited by 2,018
The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms
Ma, Y., Liu, H., Wu, J., Yuan, L., Wang, Y., Du, X., Wang, R., Marwa, P. W., Petlulu, P., Chen, X., et al. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108575 · Cited by 819
Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentration Associates with Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Wang, T., Li, M., Chen, B., Xu, M., Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Li, X., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1989 · Cited by 342
Ultra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights
Srour, B., Kordahi, M. C., Bonazzi, E., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Touvier, M., & Chassaing, B. (2022) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00169-8 · Cited by 303
Metadata
- Authors
- Carwile, J. L., & Michels, K. B.
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 825-830
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969191244
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 20.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Urinary bisphenol A and obesity: NHANES 2003–2006. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.014
- The paper
- Carwile, J. L., & Michels, K. B. (2011). Urinary bisphenol A and obesity: NHANES 2003–2006. Environmental Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.014
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
