Locally caught freshwater fish across the United States are likely a significant source of exposure to PFOS and other perfluorinated compounds
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, gained significant public and regulatory attention due to widespread contamination and health harms associated with exposure. Ingestion of PFAS from contaminated food and water results in the accumulation of PFAS in the body and is considered a key route of human exposure. Here we calculate the potential contribution of PFOS from consumption of locally caught freshwater fish to serum levels. We analyzed data for over 500 composite samples of fish fillets collected across the United States from 2013 to 2015 under the U.S. EPA's monitoring programs, the National Rivers and Streams Assessment and the Great Lakes Human Health Fish Fillet Tissue Study. The two datasets indicate that an individual's consumption of freshwater fish is potentially a significant source of exposure to perfluorinated compounds. The median level of total targeted PFAS in fish fillets from rivers and streams across the United States was 9,500 ng/kg, with a median level of 11,800 ng/kg in the Great Lakes. PFOS was the largest contributor to total PFAS levels, averaging 74% of the total. The median levels of total detected PFAS in freshwater fish across the United States were 278 times higher than levels in commercially relevant fish tested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019-2022. Exposure assessment suggests that a single serving of freshwater fish per year with the median level of PFAS as detected by the U.S. EPA monitoring programs translates into a significant increase of PFOS levels in blood serum. The exposure to chemical pollutants in freshwater fish across the United States is a case of environmental injustice that especially affects communities that depend on fishing for sustenance and for traditional cultural practices. Identifying and reducing sources of PFAS exposure is an urgent public health priority.
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PFOS has been frequently detected in fish tissue in the United States and around the world.
“PFOS in particular has been frequently detected in fish tissue in the United States and around the world.6”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water and Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Gulf Coast Watershed: A Year-long Spatiotemporal Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Barbo, N., Stoiber, T., Naidenko, O. V., & Andrews, D. Q.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, David Q.
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 220
- Pages
- 115165
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4312209814
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 26
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- PFOS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, freshwater fish, dietary exposure, fish fillets, serum PFAS levels, Great Lakes, rivers and streams, environmental injustice, traditional fishing communities, exposure assessment, food contamination
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorocarbons, Humans, United States, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Rivers, Lakes
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