An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
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Abstract
Systematic description of more than 200 uses of PFAS and the individual substances associated with each of them (over 1400 PFAS in total).
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Global production volumes of fluoropolymers exceed 230,000 tonnes per year.
“With global production volumes of fluoropolymers surpassing 230,000 tonnes/year (2)”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion section (‘Scope of the present study and uncertainties’; page not provided) estimates fluoropolymer production at about 230,000 tonnes per year globally. That supports the scale and annual basis of the claim, but ‘about’ does not establish that production surpasses 230,000 tonnes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTraffic-related materials, aqueous film-forming foams, infrastructure/building materials, house/street dust and litters, and atmospheric deposition are potential PFAS sources in urban stormwater systems.
“Traffic-related materials (e.g., grease and fluids in steering, brake, and suspension systems, and road marking paints), aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) for firefighting, infrastructure/building materials (e.g., cables, hoses, and cement additives), house/street dust and litters (e.g., food packaging), and atmospheric deposition are some of the potential PFAS sources in urban stormwater systems”
From Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The Methods (Literature sources; page unavailable) report PFAS in firefighting foams, building materials, hydraulic fluids, and engine oils; the Discussion (Findings of the present study with regard to uses; page unavailable) also identifies food packaging and paints and coatings as uses. The paper does not establish house or street dust, litter, or atmospheric deposition as PFAS sources in urban stormwater systems, so the full source list is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFASs' unique physicochemical properties-including resistance to heat, water, oil, and chemical degradation-have led to their incorporation into a wide range of industrial applications and consumer products, such as non-stick cookware, water-resistant textiles, food packaging, firefighting foams, and medical devices.
“Their unique physicochemical properties—including resistance to heat, water, oil, and chemical degradation—have led to their incorporation into a wide range of industrial applications and consumer products, such as non-stick cookware, water-resistant textiles, food packaging, firefighting foams, and medical devices [1,2].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFAS have been used in automobiles, cables, hoses, cement, and road marking paints.
“PFAS have also been used in other parts of automobiles including car seats, steering systems, and suspension/brakes.29”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Street Sweepings (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results section identifies the automotive industry as a PFAS use category and reports PFAS additives in brake and hydraulic fluids. The Methods section also identifies cable insulation and cement additives, supporting parts of the supplied paraphrase. Our copy does not establish the cited sentence’s specific claims about car seats, steering systems, or suspension, or the paraphrase’s claims about hoses and road-marking paints; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMajor pollution pathways or identifiable emission points include industrial facilities, wastewater treatment plants, sludge application, AFFF use, and landfills.
“Major pollution pathways or identifiable emission points include certain industrial facilities, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the use of sludge generated from PFAS-contaminated WWTPs, the application of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting-related activities, and landfills [8,16,41,85,100].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Discussion (Findings of the present study with regard to uses; page unavailable) identifies contamination associated with several industrial activities and says firefighting foam brings PFAS into direct contact with the environment. It also mentions PFAS-containing industrial wastewater, but does not identify wastewater treatment plants, application of their sludge, or landfills as pollution pathways. The copy does not establish that the listed pathways are collectively 'major.' (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
PFAS have been used in more than 200 use areas because of the carbon-fluorine bond's stability and their oil- and water-repellent properties.
“PFAS have been incorporated in more than 200 use areas ranging from industrial-mining applications to food production and fire-fighting foams due to the innate chemical and thermal stability of the carbon-fluorine bond and ability to repel oil and water (2).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Historically, hundreds of PACF/PASF-based derivatives with various perfluorocarbon-chain lengths were produced at kilotonnes per year and used in industrial and consumer applications.
“Historically, hundreds of PACF/PASF-based derivatives with a wide range of perfluorocarbon-chain lengths were produced, on the order of kilotonnes/year (15, 29), and used for industrial and consumer applications (2).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Patents provide insights into potential uses of PFASs but do not confirm implementation.
“While patents provide insights into potential uses [6,8,9], they do not confirm implementation.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
Glüge et al. identified 200 applications across 64 use categories, demonstrating the extensive presence of fluorochemicals in industrial and everyday life.
“A study by Glüge et al. [6] identified 200 applications across 64 use categories, demonstrating the extensive presence of fluorochemicals in industrial and everyday life.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
Despite ongoing research, a clear understanding of the distribution and impact of PFASs in industrial products is still lacking.
“Despite ongoing research [2,6,7], a clear understanding of the distribution and impact of PFASs in industrial products is still lacking.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
PFASs are extensively utilized in the medical technology sector due to properties including chemical and thermal stability, corrosion resistance, low surface energy, biocompatibility, low friction, and electrical insulation.
“PFASs are extensively utilized in the medical technology sector due to their unique and highly desirable physicochemical properties.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
PFASs are highly persistent in natural environments due to their chemical stability and resistance to degradation.
“PFASs are highly persistent in natural environments due to their chemical stability and resistance to degradation.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
PFASs are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial processes and consumer products due to their lipophobicity, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability.
“PFASs are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial processes and consumer products due to their lipophobicity, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability (Gluge et al., 2020).”
From Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study (2023) · cites this paper as Gluge et al., 2020
Chemical-specific patterns were similar to a previous monitoring study of stormwater in the San Francisco Bay Area, which analyzed samples collected in 2010-2011.
“Chemical-specic patterns were similar to a previous monitoring study of stormwater in the San Francisco Bay Area, which analyzed samples collected in 2010-2011.93”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [93]
The Discussion (‘Use and implications of the present study’; page unavailable) mentions possible PFAS contamination patterns but does not compare them with a stormwater study. Searches for San Francisco Bay Area stormwater and 2010–2011 samples found no passage in our copy addressing that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFAS used in construction materials can end up in surface water via wastewater disposal.
“PFAS used in different construction materials including cements, roofs, cables, hoses, and gaskets to promote stability and durability5,46 can end up in surface water via wastewater disposal.”
From Sources and Pathways of PFAS Occurrence in Water Sources: Relative Contribution of Land-Applied Biosolids in an Agricultural Dominated Watershed (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Glüge, J., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., DeWitt, J. C., Goldenman, G., Herzke, D., Lohmann, R., Ng, C. A., Trier, X., & Wang, Z.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Milieu
- NILU (NO)
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- European Environment Agency (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Glüge, Juliane
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2345-2373
- ISSN
- 2050-7887 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-7895
- PMC
- PMC7784712
- OpenAlex
- W3096321011
- Cited by
- 2,466
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 548 · 2025: 671 · 2024: 541 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 235 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 65.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science Processes & Impacts (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- EngrXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EngrXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (83948101)
- National Science Foundation (1845336)
- Norges Forskningsråd (117031)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, industrial applications, consumer goods, firefighting foam, textile impregnation, electroplating, ammunition, climbing ropes, guitar strings, artificial turf, soil remediation
- MeSH terms
- Construction Materials, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Soil, Textiles, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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