The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exercise therapy, cardiorespiratory fitness and their effect on brain volumes: a randomised controlled trial in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to examine exercise effects on global brain volume, hippocampal volume, and cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Irrespective of diagnosis and intervention, associations between brain changes and cardiorespiratory fitness improvement were examined. Sixty-three schizophrenia patients and fifty-five healthy controls participated in this randomised controlled trial. Global brain volumes, hippocampal volume, and cortical thickness were estimated from 3-Tesla MRI scans. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with a cardiopulmonary ergometer test. Subjects were assigned exercise therapy or occupational therapy (patients) and exercise therapy or life-as-usual (healthy controls) for six months 2h weekly. Exercise therapy effects were analysed for subjects who were compliant at least 50% of sessions offered. Significantly smaller baseline cerebral (grey) matter, and larger third ventricle volumes, and thinner cortex in most areas of the brain were found in patients versus controls. Exercise therapy did not affect global brain and hippocampal volume or cortical thickness in patients and controls. Cardiorespiratory fitness improvement was related to increased cerebral matter volume and lateral and third ventricle volume decrease in patients and to thickening in the left hemisphere in large areas of the frontal, temporal and cingulate cortex irrespective of diagnosis. One to 2h of exercise therapy did not elicit significant brain volume changes in patients or controls. However, cardiorespiratory fitness improvement attenuated brain volume changes in schizophrenia patients and increased thickness in large areas of the left cortex in both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While some RCTs have found that AE did not have an impact on hippocampal volume (Ruscheweyh et al., 2011; Scheewe et al., 2013; Krogh et al., 2014; Rosenbaum et al., 2015; Malchow et al., 2016), it is possible that such discrepancies are caused by a lack of consistency in AE protocols used (Prakash et al., 2015) or in the methods of calculating hippocampal volume (Niemann et al., 2014).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Scheewe et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“However, other studies have found AE interventions to of had no impact on hippocampal volume or function in patients with schizophrenia (Scheewe et al., 2013; Rosenbaum et al., 2015).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Scheewe et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“In patients with schizophrenia, a period of exercise training resulted in hippocampal volume increase in one study 19 but other studies did not reveal increases in hippocampal volume 20 or cortical density. 18”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“However, others did not find significant effect, eg, on cortical architecture. 20-22”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate
Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., & Nichols, T. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1037 · Cited by 4,923
Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855
A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity in MRI data
Sled, J. G., Zijdenbos, A. P., & Evans, A. C. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.668698 · Cited by 4,731
Pollock, M. L., Gaesser, G. A., Butcher, J. D., Despr??s, J.-P., Dishman, R. K., Franklin, B. A., & Garber, C. E. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00032 · Cited by 3,051
Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults
(2002) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00027 · Cited by 2,979
Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity
Cotman, C. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02143-4 · Cited by 2,739
Mazziotta, J. C., Toga, A. W., Evans, A. C., Fox, P. T., Lancaster, J. L., Zilles, K., Woods, R. P., Paus, T., Simpson, G. V., Pike, G. B., et al. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0915 · Cited by 2,417
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3 · Cited by 2,346
Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166 · Cited by 2,134
Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia
Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W. R., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.16 · Cited by 1,662
The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH)
Andreasen, N. C. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080023004 · Cited by 1,314
Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90038-8 · Cited by 1,007
Automated 3-D Extraction of Inner and Outer Surfaces of Cerebral Cortex from MRI
MacDonald, D. J., Kabani, N. J., Avis, D., & Evans, A. C. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0534 · Cited by 850
Kim, J. S., Singh, V., Lee, J. K., Lerch, J. P., Ad-Dab’bagh, Y., MacDonald, D. J., Lee, J. M., Kim, S. I., & Evans, A. C. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.036 · Cited by 816
Neurogenesis and Exercise: Past and Future Directions
van Praag, H. (2008) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-008-8028-z · Cited by 645
Exercise and the brain: something to chew on
van Praag, H. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.12.007 · Cited by 599
Hippocampal Plasticity in Response to Exercise in Schizophrenia
Pajonk, F.-G., Wobrock, T., Gruber, O., Scherk, H., Berner, D., Kaizl, I., Kierer, A., Müller, S., Oest, M., Meyer, T., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.193 · Cited by 592
Pantelis, C. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi034 · Cited by 573
Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia
Lieberman, J. A., Chakos, M., Wu, H., Alvir, J. M., Hoffman, E. B., Robinson, D. G., & Bilder, R. M. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01067-8 · Cited by 554
Morey, R. A., Petty, C. M., Xu, Y., Pannu Hayes, J., Wagner, H. R., Lewis, D. V., LaBar, K. S., Styner, M., & McCarthy, G. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.033 · Cited by 540
Olabi, B., Ellison-Wright, I., McIntosh, A. M., Wood, S. J., Bullmore, E. T., & Lawrie, S. M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.032 · Cited by 489
An unbiased iterative group registration template for cortical surface analysis
Lyttelton, O. C., Boucher, M., Robbins, S. M., & Evans, A. C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.041 · Cited by 415
Changes in Cortical Thickness During the Course of Illness in Schizophrenia
van Haren, N. E. M. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.88 · Cited by 378
Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm168 · Cited by 364
Do antipsychotic drugs affect brain structure? A systematic and critical review of MRI findings
Navari, S., & Dazzan, P. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005315 · Cited by 353
A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume
Moncrieff, J., & Leo, J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992297 · Cited by 312
van Haren, N. E. M., Pol, H. E. H., Schnack, H. G., Cahn, W., Brans, R. G. H., Carati, I., Rais, M., & Kahn, R. S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.004 · Cited by 278
Measurement of cortical thickness using an automated 3-D algorithm: a validation study
Kabani, N., Le Goualher, G., MacDonald, D., & Evans, A. C. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0652 · Cited by 250
Kempton, M. J., Stahl, D. R., Williams, S., & DeLisi, L. E. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.036 · Cited by 233
Volume Changes in Gray Matter in Patients With Schizophrenia
Pol, H. E. H., Schnack, H. G., Bertens, M. G. B. C., van Haren, N. E. M., van der Tweel, I., Staal, W., Baaré, W. F. C., & Kahn, R. S. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.244 · Cited by 218
Excessive Brain Volume Loss Over Time in Cannabis-Using First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients
Rais, M., Cahn, W., van Haren, N. E. M., Schnack, H. G., Caspers, E., Pol, H. E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071110 · Cited by 207
Nixon, P., & Orenstein, D. M. (1988) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.1950050208 · Cited by 172
Cortical Brain Development in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Patients With Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Gogtay, N., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Lenane, M., CLASEN, L. S., Sharp, W. S., Gochman, P., Butler, P., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.772 · Cited by 165
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (1975) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.50.8.670 · Cited by 163
Excessive Brain Volume Loss Over Time in Cannabis-Using First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients
Buckley, P. (2009) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)79181-3 · Cited by 159
Assessment of physical activity in middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia
Lindamer, L. A., McKibbin, C. L., Norman, G. J., Jordan, L. S., Harrison, K. A., Abeyesinhe, S., & Patrick, K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.040 · Cited by 145
Schizophrenia in Translation: Is Active Psychosis Neurotoxic?
McGlashan, T. H. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl032 · Cited by 140
Marzolini, S., Jensen, B., & Melville, P. (2008) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2008.11.001 · Cited by 133
Heritability of Changes in Brain Volume Over Time in Twin Pairs Discordant for Schizophrenia
Brans, R. G. H., van Haren, N. E. M., van Baal, G. C. M., Schnack, H. G., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1259 · Cited by 129
Self-citationLow frequency of the "plateau phenomenon" during maximal exercise in elite British athletes
Doherty, M., Nobbs, L., & Noakes, T. D. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0845-z · Cited by 122
Automatic Segmentation of the Ventricular System from MR Images of the Human Brain
Schnack, H. G., Pol, H. E. H., Baaré, W. F. C., Viergever, M. A., & Kahn, R. S. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0800 · Cited by 118
Brain Plasticity and Intellectual Ability Are Influenced by Shared Genes
Brans, R. G. H., Kahn, R. S., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C. M., Posthuma, D., van Haren, N. E. M., Lepage, C., Lerch, J. P., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5841-09.2010 · Cited by 109
Cerebral white matter in early puberty is associated with luteinizing hormone concentrations
Peper, J. S., Brouwer, R. M., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C. M., van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., de Waal, H. A. D., Janke, A. L., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., et al. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.017 · Cited by 108
Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas 1994.
Tel, H. (1994) · Pharmaceutisch Weekblad · Cited by 107
Niemann, K., Hammers, A., Coenen, V. A., Thron, A. K., & Klosterkötter, J. (2000) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(00)00059-7 · Cited by 101
Psychosis and brain volume changes during the first five years of schizophrenia
Cahn, W., Rais, M., Stigter, F. P., van Haren, N. E. M., Caspers, E., Pol, H. E. H., Xu, Z., Schnack, H. G., & Kahn, R. S. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.10.006 · Cited by 101
Alterations in VO2max and the VO2 plateau with manipulation of sampling interval
Astorino, T. A. (2008) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.2008.00835.x · Cited by 101
Compounded Brain Volume Deficits in Schizophrenia-Alcoholism Comorbidity
Mathalon, D. H., Pfefferbaum, A., Lim, K. O., Rosenbloom, M. J., & Sullivan, E. V. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.245 · Cited by 101
Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical functional capacity in obese patients with schizophrenia
Strassnig, M., Brar, J. S., & Ganguli, R. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.025 · Cited by 96
Beebe, L. H., Smith, K., Burk, R., McIntyre, K., Dessieux, O. L., Tavakoli, A. S., Tennison, C., & Velligan, D. I. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9363-8 · Cited by 96
Schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease
van Haren, N. E. M., Cahn, W., Pol, H. E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.013 · Cited by 90
Rais, M., van Haren, N. E. M., Cahn, W., Schnack, H. G., Lepage, C., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., Pol, H. E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.08.008 · Cited by 84
Effects of Exercise Therapy on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients with Schizophrenia
SCHEEWE, T. W., TAKKEN, T., KAHN, R. S., CAHN, W., & BACKX, F. J. G. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318258e120 · Cited by 79
Self-citationFocal And Global Brain Measurements in Siblings of Patients With Schizophrenia
Boos, H. B. M., Cahn, W., van Haren, N. E. M., Derks, E. M., Brouwer, R. M., Schnack, H. G., Pol, H. E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq147 · Cited by 60
Christensen, B. K., Girard, T. A., & Bagby, R. M. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.236 · Cited by 56
Gondoh, Y., Sensui, H., Kinomura, S., Fukuda, H., Fujimoto, T., Masud, M., Nagamatsu, T., Tamaki, H., & Takekura, H. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 53
Segmentation of MRI brain scans using non-uniform partial volume densities
Brouwer, R. M., Pol, H. E. H., & Schnack, H. G. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.041 · Cited by 47
Jeong, B., Kwon, J. S., Kim, S. Y., Lee, C., Youn, T., Moon, C., & Kim, C. Y. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.01.008 · Cited by 32
Beebe, L. H., Smith, K., Burk, R., McIntyre, K., Dessieux, O. L., Tavakoli, A. S., & Velligan, D. I. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.008 · Cited by 25
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.
Laursen, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657 · Cited by 913
A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients
Firth, J., Cotter, J., Elliott, R., French, P., & Yung, A. R. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714003110 · Cited by 600
Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F., Lagopoulos, J., Rosenbaum, S., & Ward, P. B. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007 · Cited by 526
Dauwan, M., Begemann, M. J. H., Heringa, S. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv164 · Cited by 393
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheewe, T. W., van Haren, N. E. M., Sarkisyan, G., Schnack, H. G., Brouwer, R. M., de Glint, M., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Backx, F. J. G., Kahn, R. S., & Cahn, W.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Scheewe, Thomas W.
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 675-685
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030455633
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- GGZ Friesland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- exercise therapy, cardiorespiratory fitness, schizophrenia, brain volume, hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, third ventricle, occupational therapy, brain structural changes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Physical Fitness, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Case-Control Studies, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
